An Overview on Therapeutic Potential of Traditional Fermented Biomedicines: Asava and Arista
Chandan Das, Debajyoti Das*
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, Deemed to be University, Khandagiri Square, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha
*Corresponding Author E-mail: debajyotids@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
INTRODUCTION:
Primarily, Ayurvedic treatments were based on experience, as the time passes these are subjected to experimental validation in preclinical laboratory and in clinical studies6-8. Such validation by experimental study leads to the use of Ayurvedic medicine in the treatment of various chronic disorders and can act as an important source of novel drug discovery and for their safety and effective use9,10.
Each human is treated individually by this traditional science where diagnosis is made by practitioner’s perception and acumen (known as Yukti). Medicines are administered by considering patient’s self-concerned Dosha, Prakriti and Vikriti. In Ayurveda, it is believed that each human body is made up of a particular sequence of physical, physiological and psychological components. According to Acharya Charaka, various functions of a single drug may attribute to its disparate response. Active elements from Ayurvedic drugs have been used to treat human beings for several thousands of years11. Pharmacological action of the drug is related to its chemical arrangement or effectiveness of the ingredients. In Ayurveda, the action of the drug is due to certain principles, which are known as Rasa-Panchaka. Pharmacological action of the drug (Dravya) is attributed to its Rasa-Panchaka qualities. There are three categories of Dravya; some relieve Doshas, some spoil Dhatus, and some are essential for the maintenance of positive health12.
ASAVA AND ARISTA:
Asava and aristas are alcoholic preparations which are used since Samhita period as therapeutics. The origin of asava and arista has been traced from the period of Atharva veda, Rigveda and Yajurveda. These formulations occupy unique place among all other dosage form of Ayurveda due to their quick action and higher preserving qualities. Asavaristas, the alcoholic fermented products, are prepared immersing the ingredients either in coarse powder form or in kasaya (decoction) form in jaggery solution, for a definite duration in order to facilitate the production of alcohol. Sugar in the media is utilized by the micro-organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae present in Dhataki puspa and assist in generation of alcohol, which facilitates the dissolution of active constituents into the media. Also the generated alcohol acts as preservative and make the formulation more effective for therapeutic uses13. Asava and arista used in the treatment of different diseases are mentioned in Table-114.
Table: 1 List of asavarista used in the treatment of different diseases.
Sl. No |
Name of formulation |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Atisara (Diarrhoea) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
1 |
Babbulyadya arista |
Acacia arabica, Raw sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, Piper longum, Myristica fragrans, Piper cubeba, Cinnamomom zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cassia leaves, Mesua ferrea, Syzygium aromaticum, Piper nigrum. |
Skin diseases including leprosy, diarrhoea, urinary disorder, cough, bronchitis. |
2 |
Kutajadya arista |
Holarrhena antidysenterica, Raisin, Madhuka indica, Gmelina arborea, Woodfordia fruticosa, raw Sugar. |
Fever, diarrhoea with bleeding, increase digestive power. |
3 |
Ahiphena asava |
Papaver somniferum, Cyperus rotundus, Myristica fragrans, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Elettaria cardamomum. |
Dysentery and diarrhoea. |
4 |
Takrarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Grahani (Malabsorption syndrome) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Buttermilk, Janiperus communis, Nigella sativa, Coriander sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Carum carvi, Hedychium spicatum, Piper longum, Piper longum, Plumbago zeylanica, Pothos scandens, Tachyspermum ammi, Carum roxburghianum. |
Abdominal lump, piles, Helminthiasis/Worm infestation, excessive flow of urine, diseases of abdomen. |
||
5 |
Pipalyadasava |
Piper longum, Piper nigrum, Piper chaba, Curcuma longa, Plumbago zeylanica, Cyperus rotundus, Embelia ribes, Areca catechu, Symplocos racemosa, Cissampelos pareira, Emblica officinalis, Prunus avium, Vetiveria zizanioides, Santalum album, Saussurea lappa, Syzigium aromaticum, Valeriana wallichii, Nardostachys jatamansi, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cinnamomum tamala, Callicarpa macrophylla, Mesua ferrea. |
Pthisis, abdominal lump, GIT, leanness, malabsorption syndrom, anaemia, piles. |
6 |
Hapusadi takrarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Arsa (Piles) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Juniperus communis, Bunium bulbocastanum, Coriandrum sativum, Cuminum cyminum, Carum carvi, Curcuma zedoaria, Piper longum, Piper longum, Plumbago zeylanica, Scindapsus officinalis, Carum carvi, Apium graveolens, Buttermilk. |
Treatment of piles. |
||
7 |
Dantyarista |
Baliospermum montanum, Plumbago zeylanica, both variety of Panca, Mula herbs, pulp of Triphala herbs, Water, Jaggery. |
Sprue-syndrome, anemia, downward movement of flatus and stool, stimulate power of digestion, eliminates anorexia. |
8 |
Draksa asava |
Vitis vinifera, Raw sugar, Honey, Woodfordia fruticosa, Myristica fragrans, Syzigium aromaticum, Piper cubeba, Lavali phala, Santalum album, Piper longum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cassia leaves. |
Inflammation, anorexia, heart disease, anaemia, bleeding disorder, fistula-in-ano, abdominal lump, problems related to GIT, worms, cyst, wound, cachexia, fever, increase strength and complexion. |
9 |
Abhayarista |
Terminalia chebula, Raisin, Embelia ribes, Madhuca indica, Raw sugar, Tribulus terrestris, Ipomoea turpethum, Coriandrum sativum, Woodfordia fruticosa, Citrullus colocynthis, Piper chaba, Pimpinella anisum, Zingiber officinale, Baliospermum montanum, Bombax malabaricum. |
Cure all type of piles, eight type of problem related to GIT, difficulty in passing urine and stool, increase digestive power. |
10 |
Draksasava |
Vitis vinifera, Raw sugar, Zizyphus jujuba, Woodfordia fruticosa, Areca catechu, Syzigium aromaticum, Myristica fragrans, Myristica fragrans, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cassia leaves, Mesua ferrea, Gingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum, Cyperus rotundus, Nelumbo nucifera, Anacyclus pyrethrum, Saussurea lappa. |
Aphrodisiac, increase growth of semen. |
11 |
Mustakarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Mandagi (Dyspepsia) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Cyperus rotundus, Raw sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, Carum carvi, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Syzigium aromaticum, Trigonella foenum- graecum, Cuminum cyminum. |
Remove indigestion, loss of digestive power, treatment of severe case of dysentery and malabsorption syndrom. |
||
12 |
Usira asava |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Rakta pitta (Hemorrhagic disease) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Vetiveria zizanioides, Netrabala, Netrabala root, Gmelina arborea, Nymphaea stellata, Callicarpa macrophylla, Prunus cerasoides, Symplocos racemosa, Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica, Cissampelos pareira, Swertia chirata), Ficus religiosa, Ficus racemosa, Curcuma zedoaria, Fumaria parviflora, Nymphaea lotus, Trichosanthes dioica, Bauhinia variegata, Syzygium cumini, Bombax malabaricum, Kalka of raisin, Woodfordia fruticosa, Raw sugar, Honey. |
Anaemia, diseases of skin, increase frequency and turbidity of urine, piles, worm disease, inflammation. |
||
13 |
Draksarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Rajyaksma (Pthysis or Tuberculosis) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Vitis vinifera, Raw sugar, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cassia leaves, Mesua ferrea, Callicarpa macrophylla, Piper nigrum, Piper longum, Embelia ribes, Woodfordia fruticosa. |
Pthisis, coug, asthma, throat disease, increase strength, stamina, digestive power. |
||
14 |
Asrahara arista |
Juice of Asraaghni (Visalyakarani), Mritsanjivanisura |
Cough, tuberculosis, chest wound, tissue waste, bleeding disorder, diarrhoea with blood, menorrhagia or metrorrhagia or both. |
15 |
Vasakarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Kasa (Cough & bronchitis) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Adhatoda vasica or juice of its leaves, Mritasanjivani sura |
Bleeding disorder, bronchitis, cough, throat, disease, chest wound. |
||
16 |
Kanakasava |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Hikka & Svasa (Hiccup & Dyspnoea) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Dattura, Adhatoda vasica, Madhuca indica, Piper longum, Solanum xanthocarpum, Mesua ferrea, Gingiber officinale, Bhargi, Abies webbiana, Woodfordia fruticosa, Raisin, Water, Sugar, Raw sugar, Honey. |
All types cough, tuberculosis, debility due to chest injury, bleeding disorder, chest wound. |
||
17 |
Asvagandhadya arishta |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Murccha (Syncope) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Withania somnifera, Chlorophytum tuberosum, Rubia cordifolia, Terminalia chebula, Curcuma longa, Berberis aristata, Cyperus rotundus, Pluchea lanceolata, Pueraria tuberosa, Terminalia arjuna, Madhuca indica, Ipomoea turpethum, Hemidesmus indicus, Ichnocarpus frutescens, Santalum album, Pterocarpus santalinus, Acorus calamus, Plumbago zeylanica, Woodfordia fruticosa, Honey, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum, Cardamom, Cinnamon bark & Cassia, Callicarpa macrophylla, Mesua ferrea, Water. |
Syncope, epilepsy, consumption, dementia, thinness of the body, six kind of piles, loss of appetite. |
||
18 |
Srikhandasava |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Madatyaya (Alcoholism) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Santalum album, Nardostachys jatamansi, Curcuma longa, Berberis aristata, Plumbago zeylanica, Cyperus rotundus, Vetiveria zizanioides, date fruit, Pterocarpus santalinus, Mesua ferrea, Cissampelos pareira, Emblica officinalis, Piper nigrum, Piper chaba, Syzigium aromaticum, Elettaria cardamomum, Symplocos racemosa, Raisin, Raw sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa. |
Alcoholism, related fever, other symptoms as identified by alcoholic intoxication and chronic alcoholism. |
||
19 |
Balarista |
Sida cordifolia, Withania somnifera, Water, Raw sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, powder of Fritillaria roylei, Ricinus communis, Pluchea lanceolata, Elettaria cardamomum, Paederia foetida, Syzigium aromaticum, Usira and Tribulus terrestris. |
Effective in eliminating sever type of vata disease. It is great nutrient and appetizer. |
20 |
Rasona sura |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Amavata (Rheumatism) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Well fermented alcohol, Piper longum, Piper longum, Cuminum cyminum, Saussurea lappa, Plumbago zeylanica, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper chaba. |
Products of impaired digestion and metabolism, Helminthiasis / Worm infestation, skin diseases including leprosy, consumption, distension in abdomen, abdominal lump, piles, spleen related disorder, excessive flow of urine, stimulate digestion power, anemia. |
||
21 |
Tryutyadya aristam |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Sula (Colic pain) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Elettaria cardamomum, Mesua ferrea, Syzigium aromaticum, Amomum costatum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Fritillaria roylei, Myristica fragrans, Carum carvi, cleans water and Sanjivanisura mentioned in Vajikaranadhikara. |
Pain/Colic patient. |
||
22 |
Vrisciradyarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Gulma (Abdominal lump) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Vriscira, Urubuk, Varsahva, Solanum indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum, Plumbago zeylanica, water, Piper longum, Plumbago zeylanica, Honey, Terminalia chebula. |
Cures suppurated and abstinate type of abdominal lump. |
||
23 |
Parthadyarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Hridrog (Herat disease) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Terminalia arjuna, Raisin, Madhuca indica, water, Woodfordia fruticosa, old Jaggery. |
Cures all disorders generated in heart and lungs. |
||
24 |
Devadarva arista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Prameha roga (increased frequency and turbidity of urine) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Cedrus deodara, Adhatoda vasica, Rubia cordifolia, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Baliospermum montanum, Valeriana wallichii, Curcuma longa, Berberis aristata, Pluchea lanceolata, Embelia ribes, Cyperus rotundus, Albizzia lebbeck, Acacia catechu, Terminalia arjuna, Trychyspermum ammi, Saussurea lappa, Santalum album, Tinospora cordifolia, Picrorhiza kurroa, Plumbago zeylanica, water, Woodfordia fruticosa, Honey, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cassia, Callicarpa macrophylla, Aromatic herbs. |
Cures incurable increase frequency and turbidity of urine, rheumatism problems, malabsorption syndrom, piles, dysurea, taeniasis, disease of skin. |
||
25 |
Sarivadya asava |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Prameha pidaka (Carbuncle) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Cryptolepis buchanani, Cyperus rotundus, Symplocos racemosa, Ficus religiosa, Hedychium spicatum, Hemidesmus indicus, Prunus cerasoides, Netrabala, Cissampelos pareira, Emblica officinalis, Tinospora cordifolia, Vetiveria zizanioides, Santalum album, Pterocarpus santalinus, Carum carvi, Picrohiza kurroa, Cassia leaves, Elettaria cardamomum, Amomum costatum, Saussurea lappa, Surana patri, Terminalia chebula, water, raw Sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, Raisin. |
It is used in the treatment of increased frequency and turbidity of urine, carbuncle, fistula, related ailments, gout. |
||
26 |
Lauharista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Medoroga (Obesity) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Decoction of Salasaradi group of herbs, Honey, Ghritam, Piper longum, Honey, syrup of raw Sugar and foils iron. |
Cure suffering from obesity, inflammation, disease of skin, increased frequency and turbidity of urine, abdominal lump, anaemia, splenic disease, GIT, intermittent fever, increase digestive power, conjunctivitis. |
||
27 |
Rohitakarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Plihayakrida roga (Spleno-hepato-megaly) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Tecomella undulata, Water, raw Sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, Piper longum, Piper longum, Piper chaba, Plumbago zeylanica, Zingiber officinale, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria caedamomum, Cassia leaves, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Emblica officinalis. |
Relief all types of problem related to GIT, enlargement of spleen, abdominal lump, stomach, prostatic hypertrophy, piles, jaundice, disease of skin, inflammation, tastelessness. |
||
28 |
Punarnavadyarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Sotha roga (Inflammation) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Boerhaavia verticillata and Boerhaavia difusa, Sida cordifolia, Abutilon indicum, Cissampelos pareira, Adhatoda vasica, Tinospora cordifolia, Plumbago zeylanica, Solanum xanthocarpum, water, raw sugar, Honey, Ghritam , Mesua ferrea, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Piper nigrum, Netrabala, Cassia leaves. |
Checks heart problem, pandu roga (Anaemia), sotha Inflammation, splenomegaly, vertigo, tastelessness, increased frequency and turbidity of urine, abdominal lump, fistula-in-ano, problem of GIT, cough, asthma, malabsorption syndrom, disease of skin, itching, vitiated vata, constipation, hiccups, vitiligo, and chronic obstructive jaundice/advanced stage of jaundice, promotes complexion, strength, longevity and glow. |
||
29 |
Punarnavasava |
Boerhaavia diffusa, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Piper longum, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Emblica officinalis, Berberis aristata, Tribulus terrestris, Solanum xanthocarpum, Solanum xanthocarpum, Adhatoda vasica, Ricinus communis, Picrohiza kurroa, Scindapsus officinalis, Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia, Alhagi camelorum, Trichosanthes dioica, Woodfordia fruticosa, Raisin, Sugar, Honey, water, Ghritam. |
Cure inflammation, problem of GIT, splenomegaly, hyperacidity, enlargement of liver, abdominal lump, fever. |
30 |
Khadiradirista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Kustha (Skin disease) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Acacia catechu, Cedrus deodara, Psoralea corylifolia, Triphala, Water, Honey, Sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, Piper cubeba, Mesua ferrea, Myristica fragrans, Syzigium aromaticum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Cassia leaves, Piper longum. |
Treatment of major skin disease, heart disease, anaemia, tumor, abdominal lump, enlargement of cyst, worm disease, cough, enlargement of spleen, all types skin disease. |
||
31 |
Eladyarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Masurika (Smallpox) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Elettaria cardamomum, Adhatoda vasica, Rubia cordifolia, Saussurea lappa, Baliospermum montanum, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Berberis aristata, Pluchea lanceolata, Vetiveria zizanioides, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Albizzia lebbeck, Acacia catechu, Terminalia arjuna, Swertia chirata, Azadirachta indica, Plumbago zeylanica, Saussurea lappa, Pimpinella anisum, Water, Woodfordia fruticosa, Honey, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cassia leaves, Mesua ferrea, Trikatu, Santalum album, Pterocarpus santalinus, Nardostachys jatamansi, Muramansi, Cyperus rotundus, Selaiyaka, Hemidesmus indicus, Apocynum frutescens. |
It checks erysepales, masurika, romantika, urticaria, blister, intermittent fever, sinus, non healing ulcer, cough, asthma, fistula-in-ano, syphilis, increased frequency and turbidity of urine, carbuncle. |
||
32 |
Asokarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Sveta pradara (Leucorrhaea) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Saraca asoca, Water, raw Sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, Nigella sativa, Cyperus rotundus, Zingiber officinale, Berberis aristata, Blue Lotus, the Triphala, stone of Mango fruit, Nigella sativa, all parts, root, lives, flowers, bark of Adhatoda vasica, Santalum album, Ghritam. |
It checks disease like menorrhagia or metrorrhagia or both, fever, bloody piles, indigestion, anorexia, increased frequency and turbidity of urine, inflammation, and bleeding disorder. |
||
33 |
Laksmanarista |
Solanum xanthocarpum, Water, raw Sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cyperus rotundus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Sida cordifolia, Triphala, Curcuma longa, Berberis aristata, Cuminum cyminum, Santalum album, Pterocarpus santalinus, Parsley, Carum carvi, Aegle marmelos. |
All kind disease of women |
34 |
Patrangasava |
Caesalpinia sappan, Acacia catechu, Saussurea lappa, Adhatoda vasica, flowers of silk cotton tree (Salmalia malabarica), Sida cordifolia, Semecarpus anacardium, Hemidesmus indicus, Ichnocarpus frutescens, buds of Japa kusuma, stone of Mango, Berberis aristata, Swertia chirata, Papaver somniferum, Cuminum cyminum, Lauha bhasma, Rasanjana, Aegle marmelos, Eclipta alba, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Saffron, Syzygium aromaticum, Kalka of raisin, Woodfordia fruticosa, Water, raw Sugar, Honey. |
It is useful in pain full leucorrhoea, fever, anemia, inflammation, indigestion, and anorexia.
|
35 |
Jirakadyarista |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Sutika roga (Puerperal indisposition) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Cuminum cyminum, Water, raw sugar, Woodfordia fruticosa, Gingiber officinale, Myristica fragrans, Cyperus rotundus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cassia leaves, Mesua ferrea, Carum carvi, Piper cubeba, Syzygium aromaticum. |
It helps in alleviating puerperal indisposition, diarrhoea, digestive impairment. |
||
36 |
Arvindasava |
Asava & arista used in treatment of diseases of Bala roga (children and infants) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Vetiveria zizanioides, Gmelina arborea, Nila kamala, Rubia cordifolia, Etlettaria cardamomum, Sida cordifolia, Nardostachys jatamansi, Cyperus rotundus, Hemidesmus indicus, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Acorus calamus, Emblica officinalis, Curcuma zedoaria, Syamalata, Nilimula, Trichosanthes dioica, Fumaria parviflora, Terminalia arjuna, Madhuka indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Muramansi powders, Vitis vinifera, Woodfordia fruticosa, Water, Jaggery, Honey. |
It helps in alleviating all types of diseases, promote strength, health and digestive power, promote longevity and also clear malevolent celestial agents. |
||
37 |
Sirisaristam |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Visa (Poison) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Albizzia lebbeck, Water, Piper longum, Callicarpa macrophylla, Saussurea lappa, Elattaria cardamomum, root of Nila, Mesua ferrea, Curcum alonga, Berberis aristata, Gingiber officinale. |
It cures all type of disorder caused by poisoning. |
||
38 |
Sarasvatarista |
Asava & arista used as Rasayana (Rejuvenating agents) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Bacopa monnieri, Asparagus racemosus, Pueraria tuberosa, Terminalia chebula, Vetiveria zizanioides, Gingiber officinale, Pimpinella anisum, Water, Honey, Jaggery, Woodfordia fruticosa, Vitex agnuscastus, Nisotha, Piper longum, Syzygium aromaticum, Acorus calamus, Saussurea lappa, Withania somnifera, Terminalia belerica, Tinospora cordifolia, Elettaria cardamomum, Embelia ribes, Cinnamomum zeylanicum. |
Promotes longevity, strength, memory power, intellect, beuty of body, standardized the speaking power, beneficial for heart, helpful to young, youth as well as to the elderly males and female, refines his speaking power and voice become as sweet as that of cuckoo, treat the sterile ladies as well as impotent males, loss of memory and singing can recover by this medicine. |
||
39 |
Dasamularista |
Asava & arista used as Vajikarana (Aphrodisiac) |
|
Ingredients |
Uses |
||
Aegle marmelos, Oroxylum indicum, Gmelina arborea, Stereospermum suaveolens, Premna integrifolia, Desmodium gangeticum, Uraria picta, Solanum indicum, Solanum xanthocarpum, Tribulus terrestris, Plumbago zeylanica, Inula racemosa, Symplocos racemosa, Tinospora cordifolia, Emblica officinalis, Fagonia cretica, Acacia catechu, Pterocarpus marsupium, Terminalia chebula, Saussurea lappa, Rubia cordifolia, Cedrus deodara, Embelia ribes, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Clerodendrum serratum, Feronia limonia, Terminalia belerica, Boerhavia diffusa, Piper chaba, Nardostachys jatamansi, Callicarpa macrophylla, Hemidesmus indicus, Carum carvi, Ipomoe turpethum, Vitex agnuscastus, Pluchea lanceolata, Piper longum, Areca catechu, Hedychium spicatum, Curcuma longa, Anethum sowa, Prunus cerasoides, Mesua ferrea, Cyperus rotundus), Holarrhena antidysenterica, Pistacia integerrima, Microstylis muscifera, Microstylis wallichii, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Polygonatum cirrhifolium, Lilium polyphyllum, Fritillaria roylei, Habenaria intermedia, Habenaria intermedia, Vitis vinifera, Madhu, Guda, Woodfordia fruticosa, Piper cubeba, Coleus vettiveroides, Santalum album, Myristica fragrans, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Cinnamomum tamala, Mesua ferrea, Piper longum, Kasturi, Strychnos potatorum. |
Tastelessness, emesis, malabsorptioin syndrom, abdominal lump, cough, asthma, pthisis, tissue wasting, disease due to nerological disease, piles, fistula-in-ano, anaemia, jaundice, disease of skin, excessive flow of urine, digestive impairment, disease of abdomen, gravel in urine, calculus, dysurea, infertility, emaciation, deficiency of semen, weakness. |
||
40 |
Mritasanjivani sura |
Fresh jaggery, Acacia arabica, Zizyphus jujuba, Areca catechu, Symplocos racemosa, Zingiber officinale, Areca catechu, Prunus avium, Cedrus deodara, Syzygium aromaticum, Prunus cerasoides, Vetiveria zizanioides, Pterocarpus santalinus, Pimpinella anisum, Trachyspermum ammi, Piper nigrum, Cuminum cyminum, Nigella sativa, Curcuma zedoaria, Nardostachys jatamansi, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Myristica fragrans, Cyperus rotundus, Leonotis nepetaefolia, Zingiber officinale, Pimpinella anisum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Santalum album. |
It removes all kind of ailments, consolidates body, serves as energizer, an aphrodisiac rasayana, promot digestive power and memory, eliminates problem due to vitiated vata. It stimulates the user to sexual activities. Regular use of this medicine could take ten women. They appear as valour in the battle field. |
41 |
Candanasava |
Asava & arista used in treatment of Sukrameha (Spermatorrhoea) |
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Ingredients |
Ingredients |
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Santalum album, Netrabala, Cyperus rotundus, Gmelina arborea, Nilakamal flower, Callicarpa macrophylla, Prunus cerasoides, Symplocos racemosa, Rubia cordifolia, Pterocarpus santalinus, Swertia chirata, Banyan tree bark, Piper longum, Bauhinia variegata, Mangifera indica, Bombax malabaricum, Woodfordia fruticosa, Raisin, Water, Jaggery, raw Sugar, |
It cures diseases of spermatorrhoea, promotes the vigour and strength of body, helpful in heart and digestion. |
Various therapeutic potentials of asava and arista reported earlier are mentioned as follows:
Abhayarishta:
Laxative activity:
Veena S Kasture et al evaluated laxative activity of marketed Abhayarista formulation on isolated tissue of rat ileum. The result showed laxative activity by decreasing muscle tone of tissue and increasing contraction15.
Ashwagandharista:
Hepatoprotective activity:
Harsulkar et al evaluated hepatoprotective activity of Ashwagandharista, prepared by using yeast consortium from Woodfordia fruticosa flower, in CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity at dose of 2.31ml/kg and 1.15ml/kg in rat model. The serum activity levels of AST, ALT and ALP were significantly reduced by oral administration of Ashwagandharista. Serum activity of AST was found to be reduced at a dose of 2.31ml/kg than 1.15ml/kg. Both doses of Ashwagandharishta significantly reduce TG, cholesterol, VLDL and LDL in serum. Ashwagandharishta also showed increased serum protein (po 0.05) and albumin (po 0.01) with decrease in bilirubin (po 0.01). Administration of Ashwagandharishta- 2.31ml/kg and1.15ml/kg could significantly attenuated levels of these enzymes. The hepatic catalase GPx (glutathione peroxidase) was up-regulated by Ashwagandharishta- 2.31ml/kg and1.15ml/kg groups. Yeast of Woodfordia fruticosa was responsible for fermentation with suitable extraction of active principle and also production of suitable aroma. The self generated alcohol thus, makes the product more stable for longer period. Aswagandharista at both doses alleviate the biochemical changes and oxidative injuries as associated with the effect of CCL416.
Antioxidant activity:
Mahadik et al studied comparative antioxidant potential of nine Ashwagandharista formulations prepared by both traditional (Woodfordia fruticosa) and nontraditional fermentation process (yeast isolated from Woodfordia fruticosa). Traditionally prepared formulation by using flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa was named as ASG-WFS (with drug) and ASG-WFB (without drug). None traditionally prepared formulations by using yeast of Woodfordia fruticosa were named as ASG-20 (S. cerevisiae Jm.20), ASG-8 (S. fibuligera Jm.8), ASG-10 (S.fibuligera Jm.10), ASG-16 (S.fibuligera Jm.16), ASG-mix (mixture of S.cerevisiae Jm.20, S.fibuligera Jm.8, S.fibuligera Jm.10, S.fibuligera Jm.16), ASG-SC1011 (S.cerevisiae SC1011), ASG-20z (S.cerevisiae Jm.20). The result revealed that Aswagandharista prepared by traditional method (ASG-WFS) exhibit best antioxidant activity in comparison to nontraditional formulations and standard ascorbic acid. Formulation ASG-WFS exhibited significant DPPH free radical scavenging (78.75%) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging (69.62%) at the concentration of 1000µg/ml and 100µg/ml, respectively. Thus, result showed that traditional method is the method of choice for preparation of Aswagandharista17.
Anti-epileptic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity:
Raseed et al formulated Ashwagandharista following Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial guidelines and studied the anti-epileptic activity by Maximal electro shock (MES) method in rat at doses of 1.5 ml/kg, 3.0 ml/kg using standard Phenytoin 20 mg/kg. It is observed that there is a dose dependent decrease in various phases of epileptic seizures as compare to standard phenytoin (20 mg/kg). Acute oral toxicity of Ashwagandharista showed no toxicity in all the tested rats. Ashwagandharishta also evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageen induced paw edema method at doses of 20 mg/kg & 40 mg/kg. Result showed good anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. There was significant decrease in paw edema as compared to standard aceclofenac sodium (100mg/kg). Antimicrobial study showed the absences of E. coli, S. aureus, yeast and molds which proved that the formulations were free from microbial growth and contamination18.
Anthelmintic and antioxidant activity:
Singh et al made comparative study on anthelmintic and in-vitro antioxidant activity of the Ashwagandharista formulations manufactured by three different companies ASA‑DAB (Ashwagandharista by Dabur), ASA‑AVP (Ashwagandharista by Arya Vaidya Pharmacy), ASA‑BDN (Ashwagandharista by Baidyanath), at concentration of 50, 100, 200mg/ml. Anthelmintic activity was best observed by ASA-DAB as compared to ASA-BDN and ASA-AVP at a concentration of 200 mg/ml. ASA-DAB showed best in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH and hydrogen peroxide assay method at a concentration of 100µg/ml as compared to other formulations19 .
Dasamularishta:
Antidiarrhoeal and CNS depressant activity:
Rajia et al formulated Dasamularista formulation according to the Bangladesh Ayurvedic Formulary and studied for antidiarrhoeal activity at dose of 10ml/kg in castor oil induced mice, in which the result showed the preparation possess anti-diarrhoeal property. Acute metabolic study was carried out by five parameters process such as food intake, defecation, water content of stool, water intake and urination to know the possible effects of the formulation on the normal metabolic process. Result showed there was negligible decrease on food intake and stool formation. Urine content was less during experimental period. Formulation also showed slight decrease in gastrointestinal motility. CNS depressant effect of Dasamularista was evaluated by pentobarbital induced time sleeping. Dasamularista showed quick on set of sleeping and increase the duration of sleeping time20.
Antimicrobial activity:
Different brands of Dasamularista were purchased from market and tested against yeast and mould, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Staphylococcus aureus for antimicrobial activity. The result showed negative for the presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Staphylococcus aureus but bacterial and fungal load were found to be above the acceptable limit21.
Drakshasava:
Cardio-protective activity:
Tiwari et al evaluated cardio protective potential of Drakshasava-T (prepared by traditional method) and Drakshasava-M (prepared by modern method) and Dabur Drakshasava in isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction in albino rats at a dose of 2ml/kg body weight on the basis of histopathological and biochemical parameters. The result revealed that the group treated with the formulation significantly prevents the lipid peroxidation marker (Malonyldialdehyde) and glutathione (GSH). The increase level of serum marker enzyme CK-MB, LDH, AST, ALT and lipid profile in ISO induced myocardial infarction rat was restored with the pretreatment of test solutions. These activities may be due to an augmentation of endogenous antioxidants as GSH and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the formulation act as antioxidants and help in stabilizing the cardiac membrane22.
Draksharishta:
Antidiabetic activity:
Formulations Draksharishta-T (prepared by traditional method) and Draksharishta-M (prepared by modern method) and Dabur Draksharishta were evaluated for antidiabetic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rat using Glibenclamide (10mg/kg, p.o) as standards. It was observed that administration of Draksharishta-T, Draksharishta-M, Dabur Draksharishta causes significantly reduced blood glucose and showed significant rise in blood glutathione level (GSH) in diabetic rat at a dose of (2ml/kg p.o). It also causes in reduction in serum cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride and showed significant rise in serum HDL level in diabetic albino rats23.
Kumaryasava:
Kumaryasava contains kumari (Aloe barbadensis) as main ingredient along with other 45 ingredients. It is used in the treatment of agnimandya (digestive impairment), paktisula, parinama sula (duodenal ulcer), udavarta (upward movement of gases), mutrakrcchra (dysuria), prameha (increased frequency and turbidity of urine), asmari (calculus), raktapitta (bleeding disorder), apasmara (epilepsy), sukradosa (vitiation of semen), krumi (helminthiasis/ worm infestation), smrtiksaya (loss of memory), daurbalya (weakness), udara (diseases of abdomen), karsya (emaciation), ksaya (pthisis), aruci (tastelessness) and vaivarnya (discoloration)24 .
Antioxidant activity:
Manmode et al studied the antioxidant activity of Kumariasava which was prepared by fermentation using three different inoculums such as Woodfordia fruticosa flower, Madhuca indica flower and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC1011. All the formulations were found to exhibit higher antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid. But Woodfordia fruticosa based Kumariasava showed highest antioxidant activity by all models which may be due to presence of phenolic compounds of the flower Woodfordia fruticosa25.
Kutajarista:
Antimicrobial activity:
Shouche et al studied microbial composition at initial stage of fermentation by culture independent 16S rRNA gene clone library approach. Microorganisms Lactobacillus sp, Acinetobacter sp, Alcaligenes sp, and Methylobacterium sp were recovered on day ‘0’of fermentation, whereas on day ‘8’ of formulation these were not detected. Initially, microbial diversity increased after 8 days of fermentation with 11 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which further decreased to 3 OTUs on 30th day of fermentation. But Aeromonas sp, Pseudomonas sp, and Klebsiella sp were still dominated on 30th day of fermentation. Predominance of Proteobacteria and presence of gallolyl derivatives at the saturation stage of fermentation implies tannin degrading potential of these microbes26.
Saraswataristam:
Antimicrobial and anti-epileptic activity:
Rasheed et al formulated Saraswataristam as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and evaluated antimicrobial activity against E.coli, S.aureus, aerobic bacteria, yeast and mould, and performed oral toxicity studies and anti-epileptic activity study by Maximal electro shock (MES) method in albino rats. Antimicrobial study gave the negative result for the growth of E.coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, yeast and mould. Toxicity study showed no renal, hepatic and gastrointestinal toxicity at dose of 3ml/kg, b.w. Saraswataristam showed significant dose dependent reduction in epileptic seizures at doses of 0.5ml and 1ml as compared to standard phenytoin (20mg/kg p.o)27.
Antioxidant activity:
Omkar kulkarni et al formulated Saraswatarista according to Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia and the formulation was divided into four batches, namely NDF (non sterile with dry flowers), NFF (non sterile with fresh flowers), SDF (sterile with dry flowers) and SFF (sterile with fresh flowers). All batches of formulation were studied for in-vitro antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric reducing potential and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. All the batches of Saraswataista showed significant FRAP activity. NDF batch showed higher DPPH activity at concentration of 100µg/ml followed by SFF batch. NFF batch showed maximum reducing power as compared to other batches of formulation. NFF also showed higher lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity at concentration of 100µg/ml as compared to other batches. The result revealed that Saraswatarista is a potent in-vitro free radical scavenging formulation28.
Takrarista:
Antibacterial activity:
Dorle et al prepared Takrarista and studied the antibacterial activity at concentration of 100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 10% by agar diffusion method using Amoxycillin (10µg/ml) as standard. It was observed that Takrarista showed antibacterial activity against all the bacterial strain at concentration of 100%, 75%, and 50%. The activity of the formulation may be attributed to the existence of lactic acid bacteria or ingredients of the herbal or conversion products, formed by microorganisms during process of formulation. Thus this formulation is used in GI infection and disorders as well as in case of food poisoning29.
CONCLUSION:
Nature acts as basic resource of medicines which are used as therapeutics since ancient time till present day. In India, Ayurveda is dominated over modern medicines for the treatment of variety of chronic diseases. World health organization apply traditional medicines in different ways as diverse health practices, approaches, knowledge, incorporation of plant, animal/mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, and to treat, diagnose or prevent diseases. Herbal medicines are usually practised in numerous health disorders. Generally Ayurveda is well acceptable for age-related diseases like memory loss, osteoporosis, diabetic wound healing where no efficient modern medicine is available. The fermented liquid dosage formulations require more evidence-based studies on both crude drugs and on prepared finished products. Study of quality control and safety evaluation of these formulations is very much essential in industry as well.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors are grateful to the Dean of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘o’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University for providing all facilities and encouragement throughout the work.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Received on 05.04.2019 Modified on 30.04.2019
Accepted on 21.05.2019 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(10):5067-5075.
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00879.5