INTRODUCTION:

Eleaganus latifolia Linn. Syn. Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. is a dense thorny shrub or small bushy deciduous tree, belonging to family Elaeaganaceae, found in the lower temperate zone. The fruit is edible, long, elliptical about 4 cm in length, reddish with light freckles, and sour in taste. Fruits are commonly available in the market during February-March. Elaeagnus has high nutritional value as the plant is contains high amount of macroelements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and also contains microelements which includes ferric, zinc, copper and manganes^1-3.It also contains carbohydrate, phytic acid, oxalate, peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase⁴.Plant is rich in phenolic and flavanoidal content which is responsible for its antioxidant potential⁵.

Moreover it has been reported that silver nano particles of leaf extract of Elaeagnus has been prepared which has wide application in field of pharmacology and industries^6,7. Along with the same it has also been used for treatment of diabetes, ulcer and pulmonary complaints^8,9.It is also known with names of muslendi bastard oleaster, ambgul, amboli and nurgi. The various other biologically active species of Elaeagnus are E. angustifolia, E. oldhamii, E. kologa, E. mollis, E. parvifolia, E. pungens, E. pyriformis, E. umbellate, E. multiflora, E. commutate, E. indica, E. glabra, E. bockii, E. lanceolat, E. angustifolia which have high therapeutic potential like indigestion¹⁰, analgesic¹¹, antiarthritic^12,13 muscle relaxant¹⁴, antinociceptive activity^15,16antioxidant^17,18, antibacterial,¹⁹anticancer, cardio-protective^20,21 and antiasthmatic²². The phytochemical assessment of E. conferta has been summarized in table 1.

Taxonomical Classification:

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Tracheophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Rosales

Family Elaeaganacae

Genus Eleaganus conferta

Table I: Phytochemical assessment of E. conferta

Constituent	Percentage
Protein	2.4 %
Fat	2.8%
Sugars	5.1%
Amino acids	1.45%
Minerals Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sodium Ferrous Zinc Copper Manganese	mg/100g 0.57 1.29 1338.9 280.1 1401 184.3 21.33 5.51 0.94 3.80

Geograhical Area:

E. conferta and their species are divided into different geographical areas, mainly grown in Vietnam, Malaysia, South China and several territories of India. More than 90 percent of natural bastard oleaster habitat is found in Europe, China, and India where the plant is widely used for its antioxidant potentials^23,24.In India it is found in Himachal pardesh and subtropical and temperate of Himalaya like Darjeeling, Sikkim, Bhutan and Meghalaya^25-27.

Phytochemistry:

Elaeagnus fruits contains carotenoids, anthocyanin, carbohydrates, lipid, phytic acid, proteins, ascorbic acid, amino acids, flavanoids, minerals, plant sterols, oxalate, catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dimutase which have been used as anti-tumour, anti-microbial, anti -viral, anti-fungal, antioxidant, anti inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cytoprotective. Bastard oleaster fruits are known for its antirheumatic, haematinic, analgesic properties^28-30,1-5. Methanol: chloroform extract of fruit of E. conferta was prepared to estimate carotenoid content and results have indicated that lycophene and β-carotene are the two major carotenoids in the flesh of E. conferta Roxb., and their content differed markedly between two genetic genotypes³¹. Assessment of bioactive constituents of E. conferta was carried out. The compounds which have been indentified are 1-Chloroflouoethane, Cyclopentanone, 2-Methyl n-hexadecanoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, E-11-Hexadecenal, Hexadecanoic acid-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester, 9,10 antracenedione, 1,8 dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyl (Parietin) and structures of these have been confirmed by mass analysis³².

Pharmacological activities of E. conferta:

1. Antioxidant:

Methanolic extract of E. conferta is effective antioxidant. Free radical scavenging activity of extract was assayed by DPPH in terms of inhibitory concerntartion (IC₅₀), effective concerntration (EC₅₀) and anti radical power (ARP). It has been investigated that fruit of E. conferta can reduce free radical generation at a concerntration of IC₅₀: 0.060, EC₅₀: 2.61, ARP: 38.44³³. In a more recent study total phenolic, flavanoidal, carotenoid content has been estimated in juice, acetone extract and peel extract. However it has been reported that pulp extract of E. conferta showed higher scavenging activity as compared to juice which is due to high ascorbic acid and total carotene content^34,35.

2. Hepatoprotective:

Potential of E . conferta dry fruit powder (ECR) in clearing blood alcohol level was determined in mice in which alcohol intoxification was introduced by Hongxing liquor containing 65 % v/v ethanol orally. Pretreatment of ECR at a dose of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg was made 30 min prior to administration of alcohol and it has been reported that dose of 800 mg/kg decreased alcohol content by 21.2%. Moreover level of enzymes such as alcohol dehtdrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase was also enhanced by ECR, so can be used as hepatoprotective³⁶.

3. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity:

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic leave extract of E. conferta was confirmed by inhibition level of lipooxygenase (LOX) and cycloxegenase (COX). COX-2 inhibition was measured using colorimetric human COX-2 inhibition screening assay kit using 100 μg of methanol extract, whereas spectrophotometric assay was carried out for LOX-15 using different concentration (10, 25, 50, 75, 100 μg/L of leave extract. The methanol extracts of E. conferta exhibited potent inflammation inhibiting capacity about 43.85% LOX activity^37,38.Traditional knowledge of employing use of E. conferta for treatment of body pain has been documented. However, its practical knowledge for about its use regarding analgesic activity requires further investigation³⁹.

4. Anti-microbial activity:

Antimicrobial activity of methanol leaf extract of E. conferta at different concerntration (10, 25, 50 and 100 μg) was investigated in gram +ve (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and gram –ve bacteria (Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella ﬂexneri). Disc plates were prepared by loading different concentration of methanol extract and were incubated for 15 to 18 h at 37 ⁰C. Diameter of inhibition zone was recorded and compared with chloramphenicol as reference. Broth microdilution method was used for determining minimum inhibition concerntration (MIC) and is more effective against gram –ve bacteria as compared to gram +ve bacteria. However high MIC values has shown that plant is poor antibacterial agent³⁷. The MIC values of elaeagnus extract against different gram +ve and gram –ve micro-organisms is summarized in table II.

Table II: Antimicrobial activity of E. conferta

Bacteria	Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Klebsiella pneumonia	243.6
Staphylococcus aureus	247.3
Escherichia coli	245.5
Salmonella typhi	240.1
Shigella ﬂexneri	242.6
Bacillus subtilis	179.8

Pharmacological activities of another species of Elaeagnus:

Many other species of genus Elaeagnus is found to be used for treatment of various types of ailments. These are commonly used as antioxidant, antiageing, muscle relaxant, analgesic, antiulcer etc. The pharmacological activities of some of the species of genus Elaeagnus have been summarized in the table III.

Table III: Biological activities of species of Elaeagnus

S. No.	Plant Name	Pharmacological activities
1	Elaeagnus angustifolia	Muscle relaxant³⁸, diuretic³⁹, antipyretic⁴⁰, analgesic⁴¹, antinociceptive activity⁴² , antiarthritic^{43, 44}, antioxidant^{45, 46}and Antimicrobial⁴⁷
2	Elaeagnus kologa	Antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer⁴⁸, insecticidal⁴⁹,Analgesic, antipyretic⁵⁰and protein supplement⁵¹
3	Elaeagnus mollis	Heart disorders⁵² , antioxidant and antiageing⁵³
4	Elaeagnus oldhamii	Anticancer⁵⁴, analgesic and anti-inflammatory^55,56
5	Elaeagnus parvifolia	Cardiac stimulant, astringent, expectorant and anticancer⁵⁷
6	Elaeagnus pungens	Antiasthmatic, antitussive, expectorant^58,59 and bronchodilator⁶⁰
7	Elaeagnus pyriformis	Antioxidant⁶¹, antiageing, cardioprotective and nutrient supplement^62,63
8	Elaeagnus umbellate	Antioxidant, expectorant, astringent, antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal^64-68
9	Elaeagnus multiflora	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and skin whitening properties^69-71
10	Elaeagnus commutata	Antioxidant and astringent ⁷²
11	Elaeagnus indica	Larvicidal^73-75,anticancer activity^76,77and antioxidant and antiproliferative⁷⁸
12	Elaeagnus glabra	Anticancer, antiasthmatic, antibacterial and antidiarrhoeal^79,80
13	Elaeagnus bockii	Leucoderma treatment⁸¹
14	Elaeagnus lanceolata	Antiasthmatic, antitussive and expectorant^82,83

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION:

The present study contributes data base of traditional knowledge of uses of E. conferta in treatment of many diseases. It also involves discussion about phytochemical and pharmacological studies of E. conferta and its species have been studied for their various pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-microbial, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective. The information of this plant is very limited towards the research scientists and this review provide a limited introduction of this plant and so this plant has been used for the future purpose

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Authors are highly thankful to Dr. Monica Gulati, Head of School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara for providing necessary research facilities and also thankful to management of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara.

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Received on 20.02.2018 Modified on 12.03.2018

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2018; 11(6): 2667-2671.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00494.8