INTRODUCTION:

Herbal medicines are being widely utilized by about more than 70 -80% of the world population mainly in the developing countries for primary health care because of its easy availability and low cost. They have stood the test of time for their easy availability, safety, low cost efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser adverse effects. The phytochemical constituents present in herbal plants are a part of the physiological functions of living flora and hence they are believed to have good acceptability with the human body. Such type of drugs is obtained from natural resources of raw materials by eco-friendly processes and is widely accepted for its good economy. Ancient study also mentions herbal plant medicines for age-related diseases namely amnesia, bone disorder, diabetic wounds, immune and liver disorders etc., for which no modern drug or only palliative therapy is available.

These drugs are made from renewable resources of raw materials by eco-friendly processes and will bring economic prosperity to the masses growing these raw materials. Ayurveda, the ancient healing system from India, has steadily increased in popularity in the western world in recent years. This 5,000 year old system of medicine recommends a combination of lifestyle management (which includes diet, exercise and meditation) and treatment with specific herbs and minerals to cure various diseases.

The botanicals in the Ayurvedic Materia Medica have been proven to be safe and effective, through several hundred to several thousand years of use. [1] At the present juncture, the modern conventional health care is burdened with great problems of unsafe medicines, chronic diseases, resistant infections, autoimmune disorders and degenerative disorders of ageing, despite great scientific advantages.

The modulation of diseased states by using medicinal plant products as a possible therapeutic measure has become a subject of active scientific investigations in the recent years. The basic concept has, however, existed in the ancient Vedic scripture, the Ayurveda, and has been practiced in the Indian traditional medicine for many centuries.

The biological evaluation of plant products on the basis of their use in the traditional herbal system of medicine develops a basic platform for the recent and newer drug discovery methods, development of new drugs from different plant sources. From the innumerable plants being researched since time immemorial, Costus speciosus is important one. This plant of Costaceae (Zingiberaceae) family is commonly known as keukand (Hindi), Variegated Crepe Ginger (English).

It is an erect, succulent, perennial herb, up to 2.7 meters in height, arising from a horizontal rhizome, found in tropical region of India and also cultivated for ornament.

Various medicinal properties are attributed to it, particularly in the treatment of asthma, fungal diseases, rheumatism, diabetes, hepatoprotective disorders [2]

Taxonomic Classification^[3]:

Family - Costaceae

Genus - Costus

Species - Speciosus

Kingdom - Plantae

Division - Mangoliophyta

Class – Liliopsida

Sub Class – Zingiberidae

Subkingdom – Tracheobinota

Super Division – Spermatophyta

Order - Zingiberales

Vernacular names:

Hindi Keu, Keukand, Kemuka, Kemua

English Spiral flag

Guajarati Paskarmula, Valakdi

Assam Tara

Bengali Keu, Keumut

Kannad Changalvakostu, Chikke

Malayalam Channakoova

Marathi Penva, Pinnha, Kobee, Peva

Tamil Kostam

Telegu Kashmeeramu, Cengalvakostu

Sanskrit Kembuka, Kebuka, Kembu

Geographical Source:

The plant is found throughout in the tropical and sub-tropical atmosphere from the sea level to the Himalayas in India, except the semi-arid and arid areas of Gujarat Haryana, Rajasthan and in Punjab [4]. It is found widely in moist tropical evergreen forests, at an altitude of above 1100 m in the country. It is common along wastelands roadsides, and in streams [5]. It is found in Uttaranchal, Orissa Assam, Khasi and Jaintia Hills, MP, Meghalaya, Bihar, North Bengal.Ideal spot for its collection is Himachal sub Himalayan tracts and Western Ghats [6].

Morphology:

Costus speciosus Koen. (Keu) is an ornamental, perennial, rhizomatous [6] erect, succulent herb and 2.7 m in height, arising from a horizontal rhizome. Rhizomes having close-fitting cover in the lower parts, leafy upwards, leaves has a tapering to a point at the apex and sometimes at the base, spirally arranged, thick, 15-30 cm X 6-10 cm, silky behind, with stem clasping cover up to 4 cm, flowers are larger and white in color, thick, cone-like terminal spikes, with bright red bracts, lip appear with yellowish throat; fruits are trigonal, red capsules, approx. 2 cm in diameter, seeds are black in color with white aril [4].

The moisture free rhizome is somewhat straight or curved, branched piece, cylindrical, 10-25 cm in length and 3-5 cm in diameter in dried condition, above surface observed with round nodal scars with remnants of leaf bases, lateral and lower surfaces show little circular scars of roots or some wiry rootlets fracture fibrous and fractured surface is yellowish brown. No specific odor or taste.

Traditional uses:

The ethanolic extract of leaf, stem and rhizomes show larvicidal activity, [8] Alcoholic and aqueous rhizome act as a diuretic [7]. Methanolic rhizome extract produce significant fall in ovarian weight and rise in uterine weight and thus use for fertility control.[4] The roots and rhizomes are found to be bitter [6,10,11], astringent [6,10,11,12,13], acrid, cooling, aphrodisiac [4,10,12], purgative [6,10,11,12], anthelmintic [4,6,10,12,14], depurative [4,11,12,14] febrifuge, expectorant, tonic [4,6], improves digestion [10] and stimulant [6,10,11].

Juice of the rhizome is use to provide cooling to head and relief from headache [6]. An Costus speciosus rhizomes alkaloidal extract had smooth muscle relaxant, antispasmodic activities in experimental animals [13]. Rhizomes are also use in rheumatism, urinary diseases, pneumonia, dropsy, jaundice and leaves are used in psychic disorders.

Leaf extract is utilized as an antioxidant, [7] sudorific or patients with high fever. Rhizome juice is administered orally for leprosy, used as antivermin [12] and for abortion [4, 15]. The plant having purgative, analgesic, antipyretic [16] anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effect, antifungal[16] activities and is preferred for bronchial asthma and gout rheumatism [12].

The plant is also use for infections of ear and eye,sap from leaves and younge stem are use for diarrhoea, cold, dyspepsia, catarrhal fever, cough, skin diseases (rhizome) and snake bites [4,10,11,14]. It is also use as anti-genotoxic [6]

Chemical constituents:

Costus speciosus content various chemical constituents, main are as follows- Singh et al. (1982) revealed that seeds of Costus speciosus saponins yielded three genins and glucose on acid hydrolysis, major genin was diosgenin. Two new furostanol saponins - costusosides I and J and characterized as 3-O-[?-D-glucopyranosyl (1?4)-?-D-glucopyranosyl]-26-O-(?-Dglucopyranosyl- 22?-methoxy (25R) furost-5-en-3?,26-diol and its 22-hydroxy derivatives respectively [16, 17], ?-sitosterol-?-D-glucoside, prosapogenins A and B of dioscin, dioscin, gracillin, 3-O-[?-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1?2)-?-D-glucopyranosyl]-26-O-[?-D-glucopyranosyl]- 22?-methoxy-(25R) furost-5-en-3?,26-diol,protodioscin and methyl protodioscin were isolated from seeds [16,18]. Mehmood et al. (1984) state that, two novel quinones –dihydrophytyl plastoquinone and its 6- methyl derivative [19] - along with ?-tocopherolquinone and 5?-stigmast-9(11) en-3?-ol are derived from seeds and their structures were elucidated; methyl hexadecanoate, methyl octadecanoate and tetra cosanylocta decanoate isolated from seeds [20]. A tocopherol is isolated from seeds and identified as G2-tocopherol. Defatted seeds contain Diosgenin, glucose, galactoseandrhamnose [21Mehmood et al. (1984) reported that, two new quinones –dihydrophytyl plastoquinone and its methyl derivative [19] - along with ?-tocopherolquinone and 5?-stigmast-9 (11) en-3?-ol are isolated from seeds and their structures were elucidated; methyl hexadecanoate, methyl octadecanoate and tetracosanyloctadecanoate isolated from seeds [20].

A tocopherol is isolated from seeds and identified as G2-tocopherol. Defatted seeds contain Diosgenin, glucose, galactoseandrhamnose [21] Dasgupta et al. (1970) reported that Diosgenin is the major constituent isolated from Costus speciosus [15]. The maximum quantity of diosgeninreorted in the stem is 0.65%, in the leaves 0.37% and in the flowers 1.21% [4]. Other constituents isolated are Tigogenin, dioscin, gracillin ?-sitosterolglucoside [7].

The seeds contain 6% of pale yellow sweet smelling fatty oil.

The physico-chemical propertiesof the oil are follows:

Specific gravity - 0.9125

Refractive index - 1.4672

Acid value - 23.84

Saponification value - 179.84

Iodine value - 76.4

The fatty acid composition of the oil is as follows: Palmitic- 55.97%; stearic- 8.3%; oleic-

22.75%; linoleic- 6.8%; arachidic- 1.7% [4].

Gupta et al. (1981) reported that few constituents were isolated from roots as 24- hydroxytria contan-26-one and 24-hydroxytriacontan-27-one [22] together with methyl triacontanoate, diosgenin, sitosterol [4,24], 8-hydroxy triacontane-25-one and methyl triacontanoate [24]. 5?-stigmast-9(11)-en-3?-ol was also characterized [4, 21, 23].

The roots of this plant also contain ?-sitosterol-?-D-glucoside, prosapogenins A and B of dioscin, dioscin, gracillin [25],3-O-[?-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1?2)-?-D-glucopyranosyl]-26-O-[?-Dglucopyranosyl]- 22?-methoxy-(25R)furost-5-en-3?,26diol, protodioscin and methyl protodioscin. Other components identified were 31-norcycloartanone, cyloartanol, cycloartenolandcycloalaudenol [17, 21].

Yanyong et al. (1981) revealed that from the petroleum ether extracts of the stems and roots of C. speciosus, diosgenin and sitosterol were isolated and identified with authentic samples by comparison of spectroscopic data [26]. Gupta et al. (1986) isolated five new compounds (Oxo acids and branched fatty acids esters) - tetradecyl 13-methylpentadecanoate, tetra 11-methyltriadecanoate, 4-oxotriaconsanoic acid, 14 - oxoheptacosanoic acid and 15-oxooctacosnoic acid from the rhizomes, which were also characterized [27].

Methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2E-propenoate was also isolated from the rhizomes [17, 21]. The rhizomes also contain saponinsdiosgenin [28], dioscin, gracillin and betasitosterol- beta-D-glucoside [12, 29]. The rhizomes yield an essential oil which contains pinocarveol (59.9%), cadinene (22.6%), cineol (10.7%), p-methoxybenzophenone (3.3%) and cavacrol (1.3%) [17].

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate was isolated from the rhizomes of C. speciosus [30].

Methanolic extracts of underground parts is known to have steroids glycosides: prosapogenin B Ofdioscin, dioscin, gracillin, methyl protodioscin, methylprotogracillin, protogracillin, 26-O-β-

D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)-furost-5-ene-3β,22ζ,26-triol, diosgenin 3-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside [31, 32].

Pharmacological action:

Larvicidal activity- Muniyadi et al (2013) explores the costus speciosus Koen aqueous extract for larvicidal property. Macerated aqueous extract of Stem, leaf and rhizome of costus speciosus produce larvicidal activity against third and fourth instar larvae (Aedesaegypti) at the concentration of 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 Ug/ml. Larvicidal potential of leaves found better than that of other parts such as rhizome and stem.

Surendrakumar et al (2013-14) reported larvicidal activity of Costus speciosus Koen alcoholic extract of leaf, rhizome and stem. Anti-inflamatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity- P. Singh et al (2013) explained analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflamatory effect of methanolic extract of aerial part of plant at the dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg in carrageenan induced oedema and Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in rats.

Antigenotoxic effect- - Sameer Hasan M. Qari (2010) investigate antigenotoxic effect of aqueous exract against EMS induced DNA damage in Allium cepa cells. - ChaudhuryNajma et al (2012) reported methanol rhizome extract produce its effect on uterus and ovary of Gonado intact female adult mice at two different doses (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg body weight) for 10 days has showed significant decrease in ovarian weight and increase in uterine weight in comparisons to normal control.

Antidiabetic activity and hypolipidemic activity-Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to absolute or relative deficiency of circulating levels of insulin [33]. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder progress chronically and affecting approximately 4% of world population and is expected to increase drastically to 5.4% in 2025.

Various clinical trials and epidemiological studies gives strong evidence of hyperglycemia is the primary cause of complications such as cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, kidney failure, visual disturbances, limb amputation, neurological complications and premature death [34]. Daisy et al. (2008) investigated the possible protective effects of Costus speciosus (Koen.) rhizome extracts of Costus speciosus (Koen.)on various biochemical parameters in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced male diabetic Wistar rats. STZ treatment (50 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a hyperglycemic state that led to various biochemical and physiologic alterations.

Costus speciosus crude extracts of Ethyl acetate, methanol and Hexane given at the conc. of 250 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively for 2 months to STZ-induced normo-glycemic and hypoglycemic rats. The glucose concentration in plasma was drastically (p < 0.05) lowered by all above extract compared with controls.

The hexane extract of the plant is known to possess antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity is able to ameliorate the diabetic state and is probably a source of hypoglycemic compounds. The C. speciosus rhizome crude extract of hexane was effective in normalizing various biochemical profile in diabetic rats and decreasing the serum glucose level [34, 35, 36]. Methanolic and aqueous extract of C. speciosus shows significant effect in lowering the blood glucose level [37].

Bavara et al. (2008) evaluated the antioxidant, antihyperlipemic and antihyperglycemic potency of an Costus speciosus root ethanol extract in alloxan-induced diabetic male (Charles Foster) rats.

It is observed that Costus speciosus root extract shows antioxidant, antihyperlipemic and antihyperglycemic effects, which may become to be of great clinical importance in the management of diabetes and its complications [38]. The effect of freeze-dried rhizome juice of C. speciosus on liver, body weight and kidneys of STZ-induced diabetic and normal rats were studied [39].

Anticholinesterase activity- Bhattacharya et al. (1972) confirmed that anticholinesterase activity of C. specious alkaloids in both in vivo and vitro methods suggest the earlier observed potentiation of cholinergic responses on dog blood pressure, frog rectus muscle. Isolation and selective screening of the each and every alkaloids is warranted in order to pinpoint the selective alkaloid or alkaloids responsible for this activity.

Because of anticholinesterase property of the plant it can be use as a depurative and in opthalmological diseases [40]. Hepatoprotective activity

Hepatoprotective activity-The incidence of hepatic damage is a progressive increase mainly due to the extreme alcoholism, viral infection, toxin in food, peroxides pharmaceuticals, atmospheric pollutants and xenobiotics. In the current scenario of medicine hardly any remedy available including immunosuppressive agents and corticosteroids which produce only symptomatic relief supporting only the process of healing or liver regeneration.

Thus the use of herbal medicine is suggest to treat liver disorders in the Ayurveda and other traditional system of medicine [40]. N. Verma, R. L. Khosa. (2009) evaluated the hepatoprotective property of the Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm. rhizomes ethanolic extract was studied on rats treated with carbon tetrachloride.

The extract shows a drastic fall in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), serum bilirubin (SBLN) and liver inflammation supported by histopathological studies on liver, thus having a good hepatoprotective property [41]. The protective effect of ethanolic extracts is observed against the toxic effects of CCL4 on liver [42].

Antioxidant activity-Vijayalakshmi, N. C. Sarada. (2008) investigated Costus speciosus different parts for antioxidant activity and polyphenol content [43]. G. S. Chakraborty (2009) investigate the of chloroform extract of Costus speciosus leaves shows antioxidant activity for its free radical scavenging effect [44].

Adaptogenic activity -N. Verma, R. L. Khosa. (2009) explained the effect of Costus speciosus rhizomes alcoholic extracts and Wedeliachinensis leaves on changes in brain transmition of neurons and enzyme MAO levels in albino rats. The extracts were produce normalizing activity against changes in monoamines like dopamine (DA), 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), 5, 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5- HIAA), and enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) which are induced by cold immobilization stress The observed results provide biochemical proof for antistress activity of the tested extracts [45].

Antibacterial activity -R. B. Malabadi (2005) studied that the methanol, aqueous and hexane extracts of rhizomes and leaf of C. speciosus were used by traditional Indian healers for treating diabetes, skin diseases, snake bites , jaundice, and anti-inflammatory properties. It was tested in vitro for antibacterial effects against microbes obtained from patients infected by burn (Bacillus subtilis , Shigella, , Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas). No antibacterial property was found with aquous extracts.

The significant zone of lysis against all the pathogens studied by disc-diffusion method [46].

Antifungal activity U. P. Singh et al. (1992) and B. M. R. Bandara (1998) revealed that the sapogenins and saponins were isolated from C. speciosus by column chromatography and their structures were determined by spectral analysis. Antifungal activity of avinocoside-A, tigogenin, saponin B and saponin C were tested on Alternaria sp., A.

tenuissima, Botrytis cinerea, Fusariumlini, Curvularia sp. and Sclerotiniasclerotioruminvitro. Saponin B and avinocoside-A at 2.5 mg/ml were highly effective against conidial germination of B. cinerea and Alternaria sp., and A. tenuissima and F. lini, respectively. It is suggested that these compounds could be use to controle disease in the field [47, 48].

Antifertility activity P. V. Tewari et al. (1973) proved that the saponin mixture showed antifertility activity in rats. A saponin mixture isolated from the Costus speciosus rhizomes effectively protect pregnancy in rats, when fed at 5-500 ?g/100 g body wt. for 15 days [49]. Oestrogenic activity S. Singh et al.

(1972) explained that oestrogenic activity showed by uterine glycogen concentration and uterine weight and produced proliferative changes in uterus [50, 51] P. V. Tewari et al. (1973) reported the estrogenic activity of 1600 ?g diosgenin (I) [512-04-9] isolated from C. speciosus was approx. equal to that of 150 ?g neoclinestrol [52].

Anticariogenic activity -M. Singh et al. (2008) showed that Costus speciosus exhibited min. inhibitory conc. ranging from 0.78 to >10 mg/M1 [53]. Spasmolytic activity R. Banerji et al. (1982) proved that all the extracts exhibited a moderate amount of nonspecific antispasmodic property when tested on ileum of guinea pig, although it show weak activity as compared with that of papaverine [54].

Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties-K.Binny et al. (2010) reported that intraditional system Costus speciosus has been used as an analgesic and anti- inflammatory. Costus speciosus rhizome ethanolic extract possesses antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect. Anti-inflammatory effect was observed in granuloma formation induced by cotton pellet and carrageenan induced paw edema. Significant anti-inflammatory effect against carrageenan induced oedema formation in rats is observed at a dose of 800 mg/kg and effects at doses of 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg against cotton pellet granuloma formation in rats was also observed. The antipyretic property was studied in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. The minimal antipyretic effect was observed only at the dose of 800 mg/kg [55].

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Received on 24.11.2017 Modified on 18.12.2017

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2018; 11(4):1697-1702.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00316.5