Assessment of Water Quality Status of Euphrates from Hindiya dam to Mishkab Regulator –Iraq

 

Sadiq. K.L. Alzurfi¹*, Kafah Alasadi², Sadiq A. Alausawi³

¹Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq

^2.3Department of Geographic, Faculty of Arts, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq

 

ABSTRACT:

The present study focus on the assessment of monthly changes in water quality of the Euphrates River from Hindiya Dam to Mishkab regulator Physico-chemical properties of water in Euphrates River were studied throughout six months (January to June)of 2016.The current study included  measurements of pH, EC, air and water temperature, total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, turbidity, salinity, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, Na ,K, and Chloride in 14 Sites, the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated. The results revealed that the averages of pH values of both Sites ranged between (7.39-8.24).Meanwhile, values of salinity and total hardness were high in Site (8) in which the highest was during January up to 1320 mg/l, whereas, concentrations of other parameters varied during the whole study period. The value of dissolved oxygen, on the other hand, recorded the highest value in Site4 during May reading 12.4 mg/, while the biological oxygen demand recorded the lowest value, 0.3 mg/l., in Site (6) during April. The WQI values obtained were high in February monthcompared to that of other months of the study period. The SAR values varied from 3.2 to 7.4 during study period. The results of percentage sodium in the water body that ranged  between (28 to 55) %. Concludes the water quality assessment ofEuphrates River shown that the physico-chemical quality of the water was recorded high values in Sites (6,8,10).The water quality index determined show that the water of Euphrates River is ‘Unfit’for drinking and appropriate for irrigation relying on adsorption ratio of sodium and percentage of sodium.

 

 

 

1-     INTRODUCTION:

The studies conducted on Euphrates River water are limited anddo not give adequate information of monthly and seasonal changes to environmental factors and their impact on the river compared to the numerous studies conducted about Iraqi river recently, which came to confirm what Rzoska (1) stated about the importance of conducting comprehensive surveys of Iraqi water to fill gaps in the information. Also, recent studies have not given a full description of the water and of the detailed performance for contents of these rivers.

 

However some studies included surveys of specific areas to emphasize the importance of screening for the researcher in the vast data areas of Iraqi waters (2). They noted the last several studies related to chemical and physical properties of the Iraqi water, or most of which showed that the Iraqi bodies of water have hardness and weak alkalinity. Recently several studies have focused on the chemical and physical properties of water, including Al-Tamimi (3) in Razzaza Lake, Hassan (4) in Hilla River, Alzurfi (5) in Kufa River. Overall, they found that the health and industrial water drainage always lead to a significant rise in most of the environmental risk factors such as phosphates and nitrates with a decrease in some of them, such as dissolved oxygen and the reason is due to mainly the low water levels in all rivers in all Iraqi cities and that leads to increase in the concentrations of environmental determinants.

Abundance water evaporation of reservoir because of raised temperature and little rain increases salts, heavy metals and additional pollutants, being basic factors for the reservoir poor quality ecosystem (6).

 

The aggravating population and enlargement of economic activities no doubt lead to increment in demand for water utility for varied issues. In the last two decades in particular, assets of water in Iraq, witnessed notable stress in especially concerning water quantity for such reasons like Tigris and Euphrates dams on in the riparian countries, the global changes in climate, the decrease in local precipitation amounts and the inappropriate planning of water uses Iraq wide (7, 8). Moreover, the quantity and quality of supplies from different sources affect water quality in general. The Canadian Water Quality Index is compared to the observations of the benchmark, where the benchmark may be water quality standard or site specific background concentration (9).The current research is conducted to examine and assess monthly variation in water quality properties in order to look into the limiting factors, which could otherwise affect the fauna and flora and compare these Sites under study regarding chemical and physical properties.

 

2-     STUDY AREA:

In Western Asia Euphrates is considered the longest river with a total length of 2,786km2.It originates in the mountains of eastern Turkey. The Euphrates Basin has an estimated population of around 23 million, 44% of which resides in Iraq, 25% in Syria and 31% in Turkey (10; 11; 12).

 

Euphrates Riveris considered one of the most important rivers in east southern Asia at the entrance of Iraq form delta area at Hit and Ramadi city after that many dams exist at this river such as Hindiya dam at which the river splits into two branches; Hindiya River and Hilla River. When it reaches to Kifl city it divides this River to branches are Abbasia River and Kufa River that extend from Kifl city to Al- Diwaniyah city. The length of river is about 2015 km undergoes large fluctuations and the depth of water in this river changes and has a marked high level during the flooding seasons at the end of March/beginning of April and has a low water level in the summer’s months (13).

 

Increasing urbanization of many villages, farm lands and cities lie alongside the river with rain water and hospitals waste draining into the river directly without treatment which had negatively impacted on water quality where the domestic effluents are directly disposed into the river without any consideration of the environmental consequences. To achieve the goals of the study, fourteen Sites were selected along the river and the studied sites were identified using a Geographical Positioning System (GPS), as follows (Figure 1):

 

 

Figure (1): The study Sites as shown by Google earth

 

Table 1: The study Sites as shown by GBS.

 

3-     EXPERIMENTAL SECTION:

The choice was to take 14 Sites along the river from Hindiya dam to Mishkab regulator. They were identified as sampling sites using a geographical positioning system (GPS) (figure 1). The samples were collected monthly from January to June 2016 from the studied area. Water samples from each Site were collected by polyethylene bottle with 1 liter capacity. Measuring air and water temperature was conducted by mercury thermometer (0-100) Cº, pH, EC, salinity and TDS were measured using portable multi meter of German origin (WTW) after calibration in lab. A modification method of Winkler (14) was used to determine dissolved oxygen after fixing in field. Total alkalinity was measured according to (15). Total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness was measured according to (14).The turbidity was measured using portable Turbid meter (USA origin) after calibration of meter by different solutions (0.01, 10,1000).Chloride ion was measured by the method  explained by(14).WQI is defined as a rating reflecting the composite impact of different water quality parameters (16). WQI of Euphrates River was calculated considering thirteen important physic-chemical parameters using (17).

 

WQI was calculated by the weighed arithmetic index by calculating (18).

 

1- Unit weight of parameter,

2- Quality rating sub index (qn) water quality parameters, and

3- Water quality index (WQI).

 

3-1 Unit Weight Calculation (Wn):

The (Wn) for each water quality parameter is contrariwise relativeto the        recommended criteriaof the consistent parameters (19)

 

Wn = K/ Sn                                                                   (1)

where

 

Wn = unit weight for n^th parameters

K = proportionality constant

Sn = standard permissible value for n^th parameter.

3-2 Sub Index Measurement of Quality Rate (qn):

The quality rating or sub index (qn) consistent with the n th parameter is a figure reflecting the relative value of this parameter in the contaminated water regarding its standard of permitted value. Calculation ofqn was by the following equation (20) .

qn = 100 (Vn-Vi) /(Vs-Vi)                                           (2)

 

where

qn = quality rating for the n^th parameter of  water quality.

 

Vn = observed value of the n^th parameter at agiven sample Site..

Vs = standard value for nth parameters

Vi = ideal value of n^th parameter in pure water.

 

In Eq. (2) VI for all factors were made zero except, pH value is 7.0. The pH, its natural water, the ideal value is 7.0 and the value allowed is 8.5 (for polluted water). Consequently, the pH rating of quality was calculated by the following formula:

 

qpH = 100 [ (VpH -7.0) / (8.5 – 7.0) ]………              (3)

where

VpH = observed value of pH throughout the period of study .

3-3 Calculation of WQI

WQI is calculated as (21).

WQI =   qn Wn / ∑Wn     ……                                    (4)

 

4- SODIUM ADSORPTION RATIOS (SAR):

The SAR is merely a factor for identifying the suitability of irrigation of water. In general, when SAR is high, water irrigation suitability is less. The calculation of SAR was by the following equation of Todd (22).

 

SAR = Na+/ [√ (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)/2]

 

Where, the constituents' concentrations were stated in Milli Equivalents for each liter. According to SAR, the quality of water irrigation was calculated as (23).

 

5 - SODIUM RATE:

Sodium rate (%Na) calculation was identified following the equation suggested by Todd (22).

% Na⁺ = (Na⁺ + K⁺) × 100 / (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ + Na⁺+ K⁺)

 

6- RESULTS:

Throughout the period of study, the air temperature  for theSitesvalue avarge rangedbetween (21.5 C° ‐27.7 C°). The lowest value was in Site8, while the highest value was in Site5. Water temperature value avarge ranged between (20.1 to 23.4) C° at site 1 and 8 respectivly. (Table 5). Water pH values avarge during the study period recorded a range between (7.4 –8.2).The lowest value (7.4) was in Site 8,while the highest value (8.2) was in  Site 4. These are shown in the Table 5.

This study showed that  water  electrical conductivity values avarge ranged between (979-2166)µS/cm. The  lowest value (979 µS/cm) was in Site 1,whereas the highest value (2166 µS/cm) was in Site 8, (Table 5).Water salinity values during the study period ranged between (0.6-1.4)ppt. The lowest value was in Site 1, while the highest value was in Site 8. (Table 5). Total dissolved soild values recorded during study peroid ranged  between(499-1083)mg/l. The lowest value Site (1), while the highest value was in Site (8).Table 5.While total suspension soild values avarge recorded during study peroid ranged  between(12-80)mg/l. The lowest value was in Site (7), while the highest value was in Site (10).( Table 5). Recorded Total alkalinity values avarge of river water  during study period ranged between (106-168)mg/l, The lowest value was in Site 1, while the highest value was in Site 10. (Table 5).

 

Total hardness values recorded during study peroid was between (322-691)mg/l. The lowest value was in Site (2), while the highest value was in Site (8).( Table 5). Calcium hardness records ranged between (109-239)mg/l. The lowest value was in Site (7) ,whereas the highest value was in Site (8) Table 5. Magnesium hardness records ranged between (47-126)mg/l. The lowest value was in Site (9) ,whereas the highest value was in Site (6) Table 5. Chloride ions recorded during study period ranged between (245-488) mg/l. The lowest value was in Site (13) ,whereas the highest value was in (8) Site (Table 5). Turbidity values recorded ranged between (5.5-43.9)NTU. The lowest value was in Site (4) ,whereas the highest value was in Site (8 ) Table 5. Disolved oxygen values avarge recorded ranged between (4-8.6)mg/l. The lowest value was in Site (8) ,whereas the highest value was in Site (4) Table 5. Biological oxygen demand values ranged between (1.8- 4.3)mg/l. The lowest value was in Site (6) ,whereas the highest value was in Site (3) Table 5.

 

Table 5 clear monthly sodium ion concentration variation in Site study recorded higher value in Site 8 is 250 mg/l and lower value in Site 1 is 88 mg/l. Potasium ion recorded between (4.4-45.1)mg/l in Sites 2 and 10 respectivly.( Table 5).

 

The overall water quality of the water body based on the water quality index (WQI), can be expressed as a single number .The unit weights for parameter were given in Table 4 and calculated WQI values were shown in Table 6. The calculated SodiumAdsorption Ratio (SAR) and Percentage Sodium (%)values of river water are shown in Table 6. The SAR values varied from 3.2 to 7.4 during study period.

 

 

7- DISCUSSION:

Temperature is considered from environmental factors, which limitthe quantity and quality of organisms and their distribution in different ecosystems, in addition to its effect on physical and chemicalproperties.It showed that there are clear monthly varations in air temperature,their main causes may be the sun irradiance period and length of the day period; while the difference in air temperature among the Siteswithin one day may be caused by difference of specimen times. Solar energy and air temperature are the two main factors that influencewater temperture,but there are other influences, such as flood, drought, and climatic conditions (24).

 

Water temperature follows air temperature clearly, that may be because the water is shallow,this phenomenon was recorded by severalresearchers in many lakes and water bodies (25,26).The shape and depth of the water body basin; wind and waves;even the color of the water can influence temperture (27). Water pH values during the study period recorded different variations due to the ability of water to be as buffer solution to regulate pHvalues.Iraqi waters mainly tend to be alkaline. This agrees with results of (28-32).

 

The low pH values were in January month in Site 8 is becausedeprivation of the aquatic plants,algae and organic resources, also dissolved CO₂ (33,29),while the high pHvalues were in the Feburary month at 4 Site, agreeing with (34,33,29), that was because decreasing of CO₂­concetration  and increase the alkaline ions(35).

 

Electrical conductivity represents an indicator of salts dissolved in water and is closely related to total dissolved solids (36), and increased susceptibility of electrical conductivity in areas that fall under the influence of agricultural and industrial activities as the results of the study showedclear monthly differences in electrical conductivity values ​recordinghigh values ​​in the winter and spring months, which may be due to soil washing with rainwaters (37), or as a result of the flow of brackish water fromstreams nearby theriver (38). This was confirmed by the high rates of the values ​​of total dissolved solids and suspended solids in Sites(4,6,8 and 10) resulting highest level of river and affected diluted factor (39) or due to rain fall (40).

 

The present  study  showed  that  the  variances  in  water  salinity values so that the study area is  considered Oligohaline according to Reid’s classification (41). Whereas the least salinity rates were recorded in the winterly months,that is due to increment of rainfall and raising water levels which decrease the concetration of dissolved salts and other dissolved solids materials (42). While the highest salinity values were recorded through February in Site 8,that was caused by increasing drainge domestic wastes in this Site without treatment.

The alkalinity plays an essential role in organizing the change of natural pH (43), as the study showed that the river water has light alkalinity. Alkalinity bicarbonates was low, which may be due to increased convertunsoluble calcium carbonate into bicarbonate (43), as indicated by previous studies that these alkalinity are common in Iraqi waters to provide salts of bicarbonates in water and soils adjacent (44, 45). The water levels of the significant impact on the basal values (46) and this explains the monthly fluctuations of alkalinity values in this study.

 

Total  hardness is distinguished feature  for the Iraqi water (4),thewater in some of the studied Sites (4,6,8 and 10) is characterized by very high hardness according to Lind’sclassification, while the high hardness values were in January due to drainge of streams and domestic wastes from Site 8 and Site 10 which led to increasing the salinity (33). If the values ​​of the total hardness equal or less alkalinity values ​​ of which they indicate present calcium and magnesium ions. However, if the total basal values are higher, they indicate the presence of other ions in addition to the others ionic added to calcium and magnesium ions, such as sulfates and chlorides ions (15). The results of the current study show that Euphrates in the studied areas is characterized by high hardness depending on (15), may be due to the drifting into the water from the nearby soils during rainy seasons or because of what is added to the river from industrial, human, and agricultural waste and (47). Generally calcium ion concetration was more than magnisum ion in all studied peroid, when CO₂ reacts with calcium ion more than its reaction with magnesium, so that the amount from calcium more than magnesium convert to dissolved bicarbonate (48). This agrees with many studies about Iraqwater (49,50).

 

These increments in chloride ions may be due to anthropogenic sources, like the use of inorganic fertilizers,, run-off containing road de-icing salts, landfill leachates, septic tank effluents, animal feeds, industrial effluents, irrigation drainage, and seawater intrusion in coastal areas (51).

 

Turbidity of water is one of the water physical properties that affect the light availability which is one of the growth conditions for aquatic plants spreading within water bodies (52). The height of values in Site (8) during winter months may be due to amount of rains or domestic wastes dumped into river without treatment. The fluctuation in turbidity may be due to the impact of agricultural activity especially in drainage processes that lead to the mixing of water and suspended solids, causing a clear increase in turbidity. This agrees with (31) and (53) studies.

The dissolved oxygen is essential in water in the metabolic processes of all aquatic life(36). Its added to water from the atmosphere or it could be a result of photosynthesis of phytoplankton and aquatic plants(54). It is also considered limiting factor to growth of large aquatic life (46). It is indicated in the current study that the high level of  dissolved oxygen in Site (4) may be due to result of good ventilation and continuous mixing in this Site and density of aquatic plants(28). The low dissolved oxygen in Site (8) is due to low water levels and increasing organic material which drain to river from north stream and operations of the decomposition of organic material (45). The biological oxegyen demand indicates the amount of combustion oxygen in destroyd added organic material to water by microrganisms which negatively affected water quality (43). The results indicate that increasing of biological oxygen demand exceeded international limting allowedof 5 mg/l(55), may be due to direct additions of organic wastes to the river noted in nearby Sites of population aggregation,as confirmedby (56-58).

 

Sodium and potassium are often associated with chloride and bromide. In these forms, they readily dissolve in water. Potassium is an essential element and is present in all animal and plant tissues the primary source of potassium for the general population. (59)

 

The WQI values obtained were high in February monthcompared to that of other months of the study period.The study showed that based on the water quality index values, the Euphrates river water comes under the category ‘Unfit For Drinking’(UFD).

 

The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) evaluates the sodium hazard in in relation to calcium and magnesium concentrations (60). The results of percentage sodium in the water body that ranged between (28 to 55) % that there was no sodiumhazard in the river water. Therefore the water of Euphrates River is of good irrigational quality and can be used for agricultural purposes.the current study agree with (61) and (62)

 

8- CONCLUSION:

In present study the water quality assessment ofEuphrates River shown that the physico-chemical quality of the water was recorded high values in Sites (6,8,10).The water quality index determined show that the water of Euphrates River is ‘Unfit’for drinking and appropriate for irrigation relying on adsorption ratio of sodium and percentage of sodium. Also the river water can be used for domestic purposes only after proper disinfection.

 

Table (2): Water quality parameters

Water quality Parameters	Standard value WHO	Ideal value (Vi)	Unit weights (Wn)
pH	7-8.5	7	0.042118
E.C (µ mho/cm)	1000	0	0.000358
TDS (mg/l)	500	0	0.000716
Salanity ( ppt)	0.5	0	0.716
Total Hardness (mg/l)	300	0	0.001193
Calcium (mg/l)	200	0	0.00179
Magnesium (mg/l)	50	0	0.00716
Alkalinity (mg/l)	120	0	0.002983
TSS  (mg/l)	25	0	0.01432
Chlorides (mg/l)	250	0	0.001432
DO (mg/l)	5	14.6	0.0716
BOD (mg/l)	5	0	0.0716
Turbidity (NTU)	10	0	0.0358
Na +	200	0	0.00179
K +	12	0	0.029833

 

Table (3):Water quality classification based on WQI values as suggested by (63).

WQI value	Water quality
0-25	Excellent (water is clear and not in contact with domestic wastes.Ideal for all different purposes. No treated required).
26-50	Good (initiation of serious changes in water quality due toenvironmental deterioration. Useful for domestic and industrialpurposes, suitable to secured wildlife and waterfowl).
51-75	Poor (drastic changes in water quality begin to occur the watercan be used for domestic and industrial purposes after intensivetreatment).
76-100	Very poor (dangerous changes may occur in the ecosystem.Constant disturbing smell. Conventional treatment costs areaugmented).
>100	Unfit for drinking (highly dangerous pollution. Danger in anyform of water consumption).

 

Table 4 : Unit weight for parameters during study period.

Parameter	Sn	1/sn	Wn=K/Sn
pH	8.5	0.117647	0.042118
EC	1000	0.001	0.000358
TDS	500	0.002	0.000716
Sal.	0.5	2	0.716
TH	300	0.003333	0.001193
Ca	200	0.005	0.00179
Mg	50	0.02	0.00716
Total alk.	120	0.008333	0.002983
TSS	25	0.04	0.01432
Cl	250	0.004	0.001432
DO	5	0.2	0.0716
BOD	5	0.2	0.0716
Turbidity	10	0.1	0.0358
Na	200	0.005	0.00179
K	12	0.083333	0.029833
K=1/(∑1/Sn)=0.358		∑ 1/Sn =2.789	∑Wn=0.998

 

Table (5) Mean and Standard deviation for parameters in Euphrates river during study period

	AT	WT	pH	EC	TDS	TSS	Sal.	Alk	TH
St 1	23.8±8.4	20.1±7.5	8.0±0.3	979±154	499±61	26±15	0.6±0.1	106±17	3.44±89
St 2	25.6±8.0	20.8±7.6	7.9±0.2	1164±184	57.8±90	25±23	0.7±0.1	120±25	322±104
St 3	25.3±5.0	20.9±6.4	8.1±0.5	1157±242	565±124	24±16	0.7±0.2	119±15	3.29±74
St 4	25.9±5.0	21.2±7.2	8.2±0.3	1528±1133	787±536	13±6	1.0±0.7	136±41	489±178
St 5	27.7±4.9	20.8±6.4	8.2±0.4	1067±202	533±103	17±10	0.7±0.1	109±10	402±133
St 6	25.1±9.4	20.7±7.2	8.1±0.2	1840±703	929±369	19±12	1.2±0.5	140±16	703±397
St 7	25.5±9.5	21.2±8.0	8.2±0.2	1114±217	558±106	12±5	0.7±0.1	110±10	361±98
St 8	21.5±7.6	23.4±4.2	7.4±0.6	2166±1364	1083±691	59±23	1.4±0.9	164±72	691±434
St 9	22.4±7.3	21.0±7.3	7.8±0.2	1157±122	578±58	31±14	0.7±0.1	112±6	314±114
St 10	23.3±6.9	21.3±7.1	7.5±0.3	1906±719	957±361	80±39	1.5±0.5	168±59	521±241
St 11	23.6±7.1	23.1±5.2	7.7±0.2	1238±160	640±76	31±18	0.8±0.1	123±8	334±112
St 12	25.6±8.3	21.3±7.3	7.8±0.2	1261±170	614±96	31±24	0.8±0.1	122±20	340±96
St 13	26.9±8.5	21.9±7.8	7.9±0.2	1201±140	593±71	33±6	0.8±0.1	116±8	352±156
St 14	26.9±8.8	22.4±7.8	8.1±0.3	1274±192	633±91	33±35	0.8±0.1	118±7	366±129

 

 

Table 5 continued

	Ca	Mg.	Turb	Cl	Na	K	DO	BOD
St 1	117±26	55±18	9.9±2.4	263±90	88±26	5.0±0.5	7.2±1.3	4.2±2.1
St 2	126±34	48±24	9.6±1.5	301±189	107±25	4.4±0.9	6.1±.6	2.6±2.0
St 3	117±39	51±17	9.7±3.2	304±251	120±29	5.5±1.1	6.9±2.7	4.3±2.1
St 4	126±62	88±40	5.5±1.3	479±346	112±29	4.8±1.0	8.6±1.9	3.7±1.3
St 5	116±43	70±24	6.0±5.8	476±416	115±27	5.4±0.5	7.3±1.8	3.0±1.6
St 6	184±124	126±75	9.3±4.7	384±163	212±62	7.2±2.6	6.8±1.2	1.8±1.6
St 7	109±16	61±21	6.7±3.4	256±161	124±25	5.9±1.1	7.5±1.7	3.0±1.6
St 8	239±194	110±63	43.9±48.3	488±351	250±178	20.9±20.2	4.3±1.9	3.7±1.7
St 9	123±35	47±26	6.8±3.3	293±102	139±70	6.1±2.3	6.5±1.4	3.2±1.2
St 10	185±143	82±26	37.6±40.9	407±182	236±103	45.1±27.6	4.0±1.7	3.2±2.4
St 11	121±32	52±30	7.8±2.6	341±152	172±86	9.5±6.6	5.5±1.4	2.7±1.3
St 12	141±29	48±23	7.7±4.3	294±135	155±61	7.1±2.2	6.3±1.7	3.0±1.4
St 13	126±47	55±33	7.9±1.4	245±112	161±90	7.0±2.6	6.6±0.7	2.5±1.3
St 14	120±22	60±30	5.7±1.1	268±123	160±50	7.4±1.7	7.3±1.4	3.2±1.1

 

Table 6 : Water quality index, sodium adsorption ratio and percentage sodium status of the Euphrates  river .

Parameter	January	February	March	April	May	June	Status
Water quality index (WQI)	146.5	172.3	120.2	120.2	150.1	137.8	UFD
Sodiumadsorptionratio(SAR)	3.2	3.7	5.5	7.2	7.4	6.4	Excellent
Percentage sodium(%Na)	28	33	49	52	55	51	Permissible

UFD- Unfit for drinking.

 

 

9- REFERENCES:

1.     Rzoska, J; Talling, J.F. and Banister, K.E. Euphrates and Tigris, Mesopotamian ecology and destiny, monographiabiologicae. Vol. 38, pub. By The Hague, Boston-London. 1980

2.     Al-Saadi, H.A. Aquatic ecology in Iraq and its polluted source. Proceeding of the Arabic conference scientific research and its role in environmental protection from pollution. 1994. P. 59-88, Edited by H.A. Al-Saadi, Sept., 21-28. Damascus, Syria.

3.     Al-Tamimi, A.A.M. Ecological study on Razazalake. M.Sc thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad.(Arabic). 1992

4.     Hassan, F.M. A Limnological study on Hilla river. Al- Mustansiriya, J.sci.8 (1) 1997: 22-30.

5.     Alzurfi, S.K. Possibility Environmental Effects Of  Industrial Water Draining Of  Kufa Leather. Magazin of Alkufa University ForBiolog; 2012: 4(2).

6.     Arain, M.B., Kazi, T.G, Jamali et al, Evaluation of physic-chemical parameters of Manchar lake water and their comparision with other global published values. J. Anal. Environ. Chem, 2. 2008

7.     Rahi, K.A. and Halihan, T. Changes in the salinity of the Euphrates River System in Iraq. Regional Environment Change, 2010.10, 27-35.doi:10.1007/s10113-009-0083-y

8.     Jones, C., Sultan, M., Yan, E., Milewski, A., Hussein, M, Al-Dousari, A., Al-Kaisy, S. and Becker, R. Hydrologic impacts of engineering projects on the Tigris Euphrates System and its Marshlands. Journal of Hydrology, 353, 59-75. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.029.

9.     Lumb, A.; Doug H. and Tribein. S. Application of CCME Water quality index to Monitor Water Quality: A case of the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 113: 2006.411-429.

10.   Turkstat (Statistical Institute in Turkey). Population Statistics. A vailable at: http://www.turkstat. Gov.tr/VeriBilgi. Do? tb_id=39and ust_id=11.2010.Accessed on September 21, 2011.

11.   Central Bureau of Statistics in the Syrian Arab Republic. General Census, Population in the Areas and Suburbs 2004. Available at: http://cbssyr.org/General%20 census/census%202004/pop-man.pdf.2005Accessed on October 15, 2010.

12.   Central Organization for Statistics in Iraq. Annual Abstract for Statistics 2008-2009. Available at: http://www. iraqcosit.org/english/section_2.php. 2010. Accessed on July 14, 2011.

 

13.     Al-Haidarey M. J. Duirnal Variation of heavy metals in Al-Kufa River / Najaf Iraq, 10th conference of biogeochemistry of trace element, Maxico. 2010

14.   APHA (American public Health Association) Standard methods for examination of water and wastewaters, 2^th E.d. Washington DC, U.S.A. 2003

15.   Lind, G. T. Handbook of common methods in Limnology, 2 nd ed., London. 1979

16.   Naik, S. and K.M. Purohit. Studies on water quality of river Brahmani in Sundargarh district, Orissa. Indian J. Environment. Ecoplanning,2001.5(2) pp. 397-402

17.   World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Drinking Water. Quality” 3Edn.Volume1.Geneva.2004.www.who.int/water-sanitation–health /publications/facts2004/en/idex.htmpp.188.

18.   Mishra, P C. and R.K Patel “Studyof the Pollution Load in the Drinking Water of Rairangpur, a Small Tribal Dominated Town of North Orissa.2 Indian Environment and Ecoplaning, 5(2). 2001. pp .293-298.

19.   Tiwari.T.N. and Mishra. M.“APreliminaryAssignment of Water Quality Index of Major Indin Riversr” Indian J.Env. Prot., 5(4). 1985pp 276 -279.

20.   Krishnan, J.S. Rambabu and C.Rambabu “Studies onWaterquality Parameter of Bore Waters of Reddigudum Mandal'' Ind J.Env.Prot. 16(2), 1995. pp. 91-98.

21.   Ott, W.R “Environmental Indices. Theory and Practic” Ann. Arbor Sciennce Publishers, Michigon.1978.

22.   Todd, D. K. Ground water hydrology, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons 1995; 267-310.

23.   Raghunath, H.M. Ground water, 2nd Ed., Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, India.1987

24.   Frondorf, L. An Investigation of the Relationship between Stream Benthic Macroin vertebrate Assemblage Conditions and Their Stressors. Unpublished M.S. Thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. 169 pp.2001

25.   Al-Saffar, M. “Interaction between the Environmental Variables and Benthic Macroin vertebrates Community Structure in Abu Zirig Marsh, Southern Iraq,” M.S. thesis, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq, 2006.

26.   Hussein NA, Taher MA Effect of daily variations, diurnal fluctuations and tidal stage on water parameters of East Hammar marshland, Southern Iraq. Marsh Bulletin 2.2007: 32–42.

27.   Florida Lakewatch. A Beginner's Guide to Water Management—Nutrients. University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.2004

28.   Hassan, F. M. Limn logical features of Diwanyia river, Iraq. J. of Um-Salama for Science, 1 (1).2004: 119-124.

29.   Al-Obaidi, G.S.A Astudy of phytoplankton community in Abu Zirig Marsh, Southerner Iraq, MSC Thesis University of Baghdad, Iraq.2006

30.   Hassan F.M., Saleh, M. M and Salman, J. M. Quantitative and qualitative variability of Epiphytic algae on three aquatic plants on Euphrates River, Iraq. Iraqi J. of Aqua, 4 (1).2007; 1-16.

31.   Alzurfi, S. K. Ecological Study of Ibn Najim Marsh Plants in Central Mesopotamia Valley- Iraq. Ph.D thesis College of Science University of Kufa. . 2010

32.   Alzurfi, S.K. Seasonal Variation of Phytoplankton Biomass as Chlorophyll a and its Relation to Iron and Manganese in Ibn-Najem Marsh, Iraq. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2016, 8(4). 2016:1393-1400.

33.   Al-Essa, S. A. A. An ecological study of aquatic plants and benthic algae in the Shatt Al-Arab. Ph. Dthesis, College of Agriculture. University of Basra.(Arabic).2004

34.   Kassem, ThaerIbrahim. Environmental study on benthic algae of some marshes in southern Iraq. Master Thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Basra.1986

35.   Van Dolah, R.F.; Jutte, P.C.; Riekerk, G.H.M.; Levisen, M.V.; Zimmerman, L.E; Jones, J.D.; Lewitus, A.J.; Chestnut, D.E.; McDermott, W.; Bearden, D.; Scott, G.I. and Fulton, M.H.(2002). The Condition of South Carolina’s Estuarine and Coastal Habitats during1999-2000: Technical Report. Charleston, SC: South Carolina Marine resources Division Technical report No.90.132p.

36.   Wetzel, R. G. Limnology, lake and river ecosystems. edth. Academic press, An Elsevier science imprint, San Francisco, New York, London.2001

37.   Hutchinson, G.E. A treatise on limnology, vol. 1, Geography, Physics and  Chemistry, New York.1957

38.   Al-Lami, A. A; Sabri, A.W; Mohsen, K.A.A and Dulaimi, A.A The environmental effects of Tharthar arm in Tigris River A. Physical and chemical properties. The Scientific Journal of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Organization, 3 (2.20).2001: 122-136.(Arabic)

39.   AL-Mousawi, A.H.A.; AL-Saadi, H.A. and Hassan, F. M. Spatial and seasonal variations of phytoplankton population and related environment in AL-Hammar marsh, Iraq. Basrah J. Sci., 12 (1).1994 : 9-20 .

40.   Al-Taee, MM Some metals in water, sediment, fishes, and plants of Shatt Al-Hilla River, PhD thesis, University of Babylon, Iraq,1999.

41.   Adam, R.S.; Al- Shawi, I.J.M. and Al- Imarah, F.J.M. Distribution of some chemical elements in the marsh lands of southern Iraq after rehabilitation. Marsh Bulletin, 2 (1).2007: 11- 17.

42.   Weiner, E.R. Application of environmental chemistry. Lewis Publishers, London, New York.2000

43.   AL-Lami,A.A.; Kassim, T.I. and AL-Dylymei, A. A. A Limnological study on Tigris River, Iraq. The scientific Journal of Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, vol.1, 1999.

44.   Al-Saadi, H.A.; Al-Tamimi, A.N. and Al-Ghafily, A.A.. On the limnological features of Razzazah lake, Iraq. Mutah J. for Research and Studies.1998

45.   Smith, R Current methods in aquatic science .University of Waterloo , Canada.2004

46.   Saadallah, A. and Busat, S.F. and Mukhtar, E. A  Effect of Hamrin Reservoir Study on Some properties of Water in Diyala River, Diyala Journal 2.2000: 272-296(Arabic).

47.   Brown, R.M., N.I. McClelland, R.A. Deininger, and R.G. Tozer. “A Water Quality Index – Do We Dare?” Water and Sewage Works, 1970 pp. 339-343.

48.   Antoine, S.E. and Al-Saadi, H.A. Limnological studies on the polluted Ashar canal and Shatt Al-Arab River at Basrah (Iraq). Hydrobiologia, 67 (3) 1982: 405-476.

49.   Al-Kenzawi, M. A. H. Ecological Study of Aquatic Macrophytes in the Central Part of the Marshes of Southern Iraq. Msc. thesis College of Science for Women University of Bagdad.2007

50.   DONHAW. (Department of National Health and Welfare) (Canada). Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality. Supporting documentation. Ottawa, 1978

51.   Sand-Jensen K, Borum J. Interaction among phytoplankton, periphyton, and macrophytes in temperate freshwaters and estuaries. Aquat Bot 41: 1991.137–176

52.   Mohammed, Z.A. Ecological study Of Phytoplankton In Al-Kufa River/Euphrates.Msc. Faculty of Education for Girls / University of Al-Kufa.2012:112pp

53.   Wetzel, R.G. and Linkens, G. E. Limnological Analysis. Springer. 2000

54.   WHO. Guideline for Drinking Water Qality 2nd ed. vol. 2/1996/: 940-951.

55.   Al-Mussawi, A.H.A.; Hussien, N.A. and Al-Aarajy. The influence of sewage discharge on the physico-chemical properties of some ecosystem at Basrah city, Iraq. Basrah J. Science, 13 (1)1995/: 135-148.

56.   Hassan, S. A. and Hasan, H. H. Evaluation of the organic pollution of Euphrates River / Kufa area - Najaf Governorate. Journal of Babylon University / Pure and Applied Sciences, 9 (3)2004/: 775-782.

57.   Salman, J.M. Environmental study of potential pollution in the Euphrates River between Hindiya dam and Kufa region - Iraq, PhD thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Babylon.2006

58.   WHO. Potassium in drinking-water. Background document for development of Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.2009

59.   Richards L.A. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC. 1954.

60.   Ahmet K. and Engin Y. Time Series Modeling and Trend Detection of Streamflow and Selected Water Quality Variables in a River: Case Study, Euphrates River Monitoring Sites of 2102 and 2119.J.of Applied Science V.5 (6)2005/:1016-1021.

61.   Al-Bahrani. H.S. Spatial prediction and classification of water quality parameters for irrigation use in the euphrates river (iraq) using GIS and satellite image analyses., Int. J. Sus. Dev. Plann. Vol. 9, No. 3.2014

62.   Chatterji C. and Raziuddin M., Determination of water quality index of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal, Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 1 (2),2002/pp 181-189.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Received on 05.06.2017          Modified on 24.06.2017

Accepted on 31.08.2017        © RJPT All right reserved