INTRODUCTION:

Physical child abuse, emotional or sexual maltreatment or overlook of a baby or kids. inside the (USA), the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) and the department for children and families (DCF) outline baby maltreatment as any act or collection of acts of commission or oversight through a determine or different caregiver that effects in harm, possibility for harm, or risk of handicap to a child.

Child abuse can occur in a baby's home, or in the groups, colleges or communities the child interacts with. There are four predominant class of toddler violence, neglect, bodily, sexual and emotional abuse[1] .

In Western countries, preventing child abuse is deema excessive precedence, and particular laws and guidelines exist to deal with this trouble. one of a kind jurisdictions have evolved their personal definitions of what constitutes toddler abuse for the purposes of doing away with a child from his/her circle of relatives and/or prosecuting a crook fee. consistent with the journal of toddler abuse and disregard, child abuse is "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, severe physical or emotional hart, sexual abuse or utilization, an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of severe harm" [2].

While, Douglas J. Besharov, the head most manager of the U.S. Center on Child violent and disregard, states "the existing laws are often unclear and overly broad"(Besharov, et. Al. 1998.) and there is a "deficiency of consensus among professionals and Child Protective Services (CPS) personnel about what the terms abuse and neglect mean" (Krason, et. Al.2007)Susan Orr, former head of America youngster’s bureau US. Department of fitness and offerings- management for children and families, 2001-2007, states that "much that is present defined as child abuse and disregard does not fitness governmental actions"[3].

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1- To assess primary school teacher’s knowledge about child abuse

2- To find out the relationship between primary school teacher’s knowledge and some socio demographic characteristic.

METHODOLOGY:

To achieve the objectives of the study quantitative design (descriptive study) was carried out from July 2015 to the end April 2016 in order to assess the "Primary School Teacher. Regarding child abuse in Kirkuk City"

Setting of study:

The study is conducted in (34) primary school that receives all teachers in Kirkuk city, the schools are distributed throughout Shorja Q, Panga Ali Q, Shoraw Q, Raperin Q, Rezgary Q, Eskan Q, of (100) Science, manager and physical sport teachers. Shorja Q, shouhada Q, Rahemawa Q, Teseein Q, arafa Q, wasity Q, Wahedhuzairan Q, EmamQasim Q, Qadisiaalolaa Q, almualmeen Q, al-naser Q, al-askare Q, gharnata Q, al-mansoor Q, al-asraQ, adan Q.

The Sample:

Simple probability random of (100) science, manger and physical sport teachers is selected from (34) primary schools in Kirkuk city. The sample is comprised of (46) male and (54) female. Through extensive review of relevant literatures, a questionnaire was constructed for the objectives of the study. Overall items included in the questionnaire were (2) parts included the following part one demographic data this is comprised of (6) items and part two general knowledge, sing and symptoms this is comprised of (38) items. 3- likert scale option was used in the rating scale as: (3) for Yes , (2 ) for I don’t know, and (1) for No.

Validity of study:

Prior to the collection of data, the tool was examined to identity its validity. The investigator submitted tool to panel which consist of (8) experts in different field knowledge (nursing and medicine)

Pilot study:

A pilot study was conducted for a period of one week at the beginning of the study in Amange and Hardi, primary schools. Five teachers were studied and evaluated.

Data collection:

The data collection process was performed from the period 3rd July 2015 up to the 20th of august 2015.

Data analysis:

The collected records had been analyzed thru the software of descriptive statistical evaluation (frequency and percent) and inferential statistical information evaluation (Chi-square).

RESULTS:

Table (1) Distribution of the Demographic Characteristics of the Sample (N=100)

Percentage	Frequency	Age(years)	NO
12	12	20-29	1
33	33	30-39	2
44	44	40-49	3
10	10	50-59	4
1	1	≥ 60	5
100	100		Total
Percentage	Frequency	Gender	NO
46	46	Male	1
54	54	Female	2
100	100		Total
Percentage	Frequency	Level of Education	NO
13	13	Secondary school graduate	1
54	54	Institute graduate	2
33	33	College graduate	3
0	0	Other	4
100	100		Total
Percentage	Frequency	Marital Status	NO
12	12	Single	1
82	82	Married	2
2	2	Divorced	3
3	3	Widow/er	4
100	100		Total
Percentage	Frequency	Children number	NO
27	27	Never	1
41	41	01-Mar	2
30	30	04-Jun	3
2	2	7 and more	4
100	100		Total
Percentage	Frequency	Residing	NO
94	94	Urban	1
6	6	Rural	2
100	100		Total

The result of table (1) shows that (44%) of the teachers are at age group (40-49) years and (1%) of them with age group (≥ 60) years (12%). According to the gender of sample,(54%) of them of teachers were female, and the remaining (46%) of them male, and regarding to the educational level of teachers(54%) institute graduated and (13%) of them is secondary school graduated, relative to Marital status show that (82%) were married, and(12%) of them were single, with respect to children number that (41%) have ( 1-3) child, and (2%) of them have (7 and more) child, the finding shows that (94%) teacher from urban, and (6%) of them live from rural.

Table (4-2) Distribution of the Primary School Teacher's Knowledge Regarding for Child Physical Abuse with Mean of Scores, Percentage, Frequency, Severity and Chi-square.

No	Consider the possibility of child physical abuse when the child	Yes		NO		I don’t know		MS	Severity
No		F	%	F	%	F	%	MS	Severity
1	Has unbeknown burns, bites, trauma, bone fractures, or bruises eyes.	41	41,0	38	38,0	21	21,0	2.3	MS
2	Has fading bruises or other marks noticeable after an absence from school.	41	41,0	34	34,0	25	25,0	2.0	MS
3	Afraid of the parents and cries or protests.	54	54,0	37	37,0	9	9,0	2.1	MS
4	Shrinks at the approach of adult.	54	54,0	38	38,0	8	8,0	2.1	MS
5	Report hart by a parent or another adult caregiver.	33	33,0	48	48,0	19	19,0	1.8	LS

Obs.X²= 24.286 DF = 8 Crit. X² = 15.51

This table indicates that the mean of score was moderate significant in items (1,2,3,4) and low significant in items (5)

Table (4 - 5): Distribution of Consider the Prospect of Ignoring the Parent or other Adult Caregiver with Mean of Scores for, Frequency, Percentage, Severity and Chi-Square.

No	Consider the prospect of ignoring when the parent or other adult caregiver.	Yes		NO		I Don’t Know		MS	Severity
No		F	%	F	%	F	%	MS	Severity
1	Appears to be indifferent to the child.	50	50,0	30	30,0	20	20,0	2.2	MS
2	Seems apathetic or depressed.	46	46,0	37	37,0	17	17,0	2.06	MS
3	Behaves irrationally or in a bizarre manner.	44	44,0	44	44,0	12	12,0	2.0	MS
4	Is abusing alcohol or other drugs.	21	21,0	53	53,0	26	26,0	1.68	LS

Obs.X²=25.292 DF=6 Crit. X² = 12.59

This table indicates that the mean of score was moderate significant in items (1,2, 3) and low significant in items (4 )

Table (4 - 6): Distribution of the Primary School Teachers' Knowledge Regarding for Child Emotional Abuse with Percentage, Frequency ,Mean of Scores , Severity and Chi-Square.

No	Consider the scope of emotional abuse when the child	Yes		NO		I Don’t Know		MS	Severity
No	Consider the scope of emotional abuse when the child	F	%	F	%	F	%	MS	Severity
1	Display extremes in action, such as overly compliant or demanding action, extreme passivity, or truculence	59	59,0	30	30,0	11	11,0	2.29	MS
2	Is either inappropriately adult (parenting other children, for example) or in appropriately infant (over and overswing or head banging).	41	41,0	40	40,0	19	19,0	2.01	MS
3	Is late in physical or emotional development.	48	48,0	34	34,0	18	18,0	2.14	MS
4	Have a try suicide.	22	22,0	55	55,0	23	23,0	2.24	HS
5	weak of relationships with the parent	48	48,0	35	35,0	17	17,0	2.13	MS

Obs.X²=31.219DF=8 Crit. X² = 15.51

This table indicates that the mean of score was highly significant in items (4) and moderate significant in items (1,2,3,5)

Table (4 - 7):Distribution of the Primary School teachers' Knowledge Regarding for Child Sexual Abuse with Percentage, Frequency ,Mean of Scores , Severity and Chi-Square

No	Sexual abusechance when the child:-	Yes		NO		I don’t know		MS	Severity
No	Sexual abusechance when the child:-	F	%	F	%	F	%	MS	Severity
1	The child has walking or sittingdifficult	41	41,0	43	43,0	16	16,0	1.96	LS
2	unawaresreject participate of physical activities	38	38,0	48	48,0	14	14,0	1.9	LS
3	Bad dreams or bed-wetting	33	33,0	45	45,0	22	22,0	1.88	LS
4	sudden change in appetite	31	31,0	35	35,0	34	34,0	1.96	LS
5	Long-practiced, uncommon sexual knowledge or attitude	40	40,0	45	45,0	15	15,0	1.95	LS
6	Fugitive	39	39,0	44	44,0	17	17,0	1.95	LS
7	Sexual abuse by adult caregiver. or a parent	24	24,0	46	46,0	30	30,0	1.78	LS

Obs.X²=26.646 DF=12 Crit. X² = 21.03

This table indicates that the mean of score was low significant in items (1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

DISCUSSION:

The demographic characteristic shows that (44%) of the teachers are at age group (40-49) while (1%) of them with age group (≥ 60) years, According to the gender of sample, (54%) of them of teachers were female, and the remaining (46%) of them are male, and regarding to the educational level of teachers (54%) institute graduated and (13%) of them is secondary school graduated, Relative to Marital status show that (82%) were married, and (12%) of them were single, with respect to children number that (41%) have ( 1-3) child, and (2%) of them have (7 and more) child, the finding shows that (94%) teacher from urban, and (6%) of them live in rural.

The study supported by (Julie Kos, 2004) that primary school teachers (80 female) and their ages ranged from 23 to 49 years, with an average age of 36.22 years , (SD = 9.68 years) Teacher's socio demographic [4].

(The National Education Association, 2001) detailed that exclusive 9% of America's school of rudimentary instructors were male. Over 10 years after the fact, the circumstance has enhanced pretty much nothing; for instance, the Bureau of Labor and statistics (as refered to by the Men Teach association) announced that 18.8% of primary and middle teachers in America were men. (Jones, 2003) refers to female instructors' worries about the similarly low number of men in the showing calling and their trust of having more male basic partners to counterbalance the unbalanced number of women teachers[5].

The analysis was conducted on (4) items to assess the primary school teacher knowledge regarding child abuse about his signs and symptoms.

Relative to the teachers knowledge about chilled physical abuse, The result indicates that the mean of score was moderate significant in four items ( Has unexplained smolders, chomps, wounds, fracture of bones, or bruised eyes. Has blurring wounds or different imprints discernible after a nonattendance from school. Appears to be alarmed of the guardians and dissents or cries when the time has come to go home. Shrivels at the approach of grown-up). with deference of low huge in one thing ( Report harm by a parent or another grown-up guardian).

Gilbert, (2009)say the physical manhandle is a demonstration of another gathering including contact proposed to bring about sentiments of physical pain, damage, or other physical enduring or substantial mischief [6].

It is very much recorded in investigations of youngster physical manhandle far and wide that skin signs were the most incessant presentation, the rate of bones break in this research was 10.5% and head injury was 9.7% ( El-Hak et. al., 2009)[7].

Regarding to the chilled emotional abuse. The result indicates that the mean of score was moderate significant in four items(Indicates extremes in conduct, for example, excessively agreeable or requesting conduct, extraordinary aloofness, or animosity. Is either improperly grown-up (child rearing other youngsters, for instance) or in fittingly newborn child (every now and again shaking or head slamming, for instance. Is postponed in physical or passionate improvement. Reports an absence of connection to the parent).

Radford et. al. (2011) found that only less than 7% of the 18-24 year olds they doubted had encountered emotional violence their child[8].

Emotional abuse can affect a child throughout their life especially their social and cognitive development (Riggs, 2010)[9].

According to the chilled sexual abuse, The result indicates that the mean of score was low significant in all seven items(Experiences issues strolling or sitting. All of a sudden declines to change in physical actions. Report bad dreams or bedwetting. Encounters a sudden change in hunger. Shows odd, modern, or bizarre sexual learning or conduct. At the point when a chilled runs away and reports sexual mishandle by a parent or another grown-up guardian.

Other study in India by (Rosenzweig,(2009) shows that21.90% child respondents reported facing severe forms of sexual abuse and 50.76% other forms of sexual[10].

An actuality that a lately released record by Human Rights Watch confirms in a report they released in Luck now, One look at the report on child sexual abuse describe, “Breaking the Silence-Child Sexual Abuse in India” and the horrifying reality would become more than evident (Anjali, 2013)[11].

CONCLUSIONS:

1. There are poor teacher's knowledge and awareness about child abuse.

2. The findings of the study indicated the teachers were in age group between (40-49).

3. High percentage of teachers were female represent.

4. Most of the sample had graduate in institute represent.

5. Majority of the sample residing in urban represent.

RECOMMENDATION:-

1- Educational programs should be designed to increase people and teacher's knowledge and awareness about their child abuse.

2- Striking up the center to solve the child's problem.

3-Providing scientific booklet, TV program, publication and journal about child abuse.

4- Providing the special law to protect the child for abuses.

5- Recruitment of sociologist in all schools to decries the state of abuses.

6-Further studies can be conducted on large sample size and nation-wide oriented ones.

REFRENCES:

1. Brown, Cohen, Johnson, and Salzinger (1998); 14-Stith et. al. (2009); US Department of Health and Human Services (2011). Risk and protective reporters Children and Schools, 24, 222-231.

2. Herrenkohl, R.C. "The definition of child maltreatment: from case study to construct". Child Abuse and Neglect (2005) p. 65

3. Susan. Orr, "Policy Study 262 Child Protection at the Crossroads: Child Abuse, Child Protection and Recommendations for Reform".1999 pp 49-57.

4. Julie Kos. 2004. "Primary school teachers' knowledge, attitudes and behaviors toward children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder" PhD Available at: http://works.bepress.com/julie_kos/9

5. National Education Association. (2001, August). "Status of the American Public School Teacher. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from India published in2005, out of the respondent, 25.9% of women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation were from Andhra Pradesh13. Save the Children and Tulir(2006): Research on Prevalence and Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse among school going children in Chennai".

6. Gilbert, R., SpatzWidom, C., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., and Janson, J. (2009). "Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries". Lancet, 373, 68-81

7. El-Hak SA, Ali MA, El-Atta HM. "Child deaths from family violence in Dakahlia and Damiatta Governorates, Egypt. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine", 2009, 16(7):388–391.

8. Radford, L., et al (2011) Child abuse and neglect in the UK today. London: NSPCC.

9. Riggs, S. A. (2010). "Childhood emotional abuse and the attachment system across the life cycle: what theory and research tell us. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment and Trauma", 19(1): 5-51

10. Rosenzweig, Janet. Child Abuse and Neglect. Kennedy School Review, (2009), pp115-116.

11. Krason, Stephen M. "The Critics of Current Child Abuse Laws and the Child Protective System: A Survey of the Leading". The Catholic Social Science Review". (2007) pp. 307–350.

Received on 02.04.2017 Modified on 02.05.2017

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2017; 10(6): 1929-1933.

DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2017.00338.9