Chest Circumference in Kyrgyz Male Newborns of the High Mountains

 

O.M. Yuldashova², S.M. Chibisov¹, R. O. Karybekova³, M.V. Abramova¹, S.P. Syatkin¹, E.V. Neborak¹, I.P. Smirnova¹, G.I. Myandina¹, M.L. Blagonravov¹, V.I. Kuznetsov¹

¹RUDN University, Russia

²Osh State University, Russia

³Osh Interregional Children's Hospital, Russia

 

ABSTRACT:

The size of chest circumference of 1578 Kyrgyz male born at different altitudes were estimated during the observation period from 2003 to 2011. The study found the following correlation: the higher altitude at which the neonates were born, the lower was their chest circumference.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

The problem of child health in Kyrgyzstan, whose territory consists of mountains, is 95%. That problem is the primary tasks of the national policy of the government especially during the economic crisis. At the time of the socio - economic instability, women of reproductive age and children are the most vulnerable pat of the population are living in the arid areas; they remain without attention. As the result, the health of the younger generation is getting worse. Anthropometric facts, characterizing the newborns, indirectly reflect the living conditions of the population. "The important link in the system of monitoring of the state health of the population is the constant control of the growth and the development of the younger generation".[3] The circumference of the chest is one of informative indicators of human development and it has the simplicity and the precision of measurement. The circumference of the chest reflects the growth and development of the thoracic cage.

 

The climatogeographic factors affect the fetal development and, consequently, the health of the future generation. Taking into account the mentioned above facts, we could say that the monitoring of the anthropometric parameters gives the opportunity to assess the current state and perspectives of further development of Kyrgyzstan's population.

 

The aim of this investigation is to examine the chest circumference of new born children in Kyrgyzstan for the period from 2003 to 2011, taking into account the height of the living above sea level.

 

The subject and methods of investigation:

The study of the chest circumference of new born males of Kyrgyzstan by the Anthropometrical techniques. While survey, the maternal age, number of births, housing conditions, socioeconomic status and the diet were taken into account. The study did not take into account infants with congenital malformations, as well as multiple pregnancies.

 

The 4 groups of newborns were formed according to the height of live above sea level of (highlands, midlands, low mountains, foothills). Chest circumference of newborns was measured in the supine position with an accuracy of 1 mm. When measuring the circumference of the chest of tape was applied behind - at lower angles of the blades, the front - on the areola. Several observations purified by conventional method emissions - assuming as embodiments thereof, are separated from the mean by more than three standard deviations (SD). Statistical analysis included in each group test of homogeneity (normal) observation and calculation of the distribution parameters: the arithmetic mean, coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis. When comparing between-group differences chest circumference calculated Student's t-test, and the corresponding probability. Standard statistical calculations were made with the help of using packet data analysis.

RESULTS:

The study of chest circumference of newborns showed that in Alay highlands children are born with smaller chest circumference (33,43 ± 1,30), in the foothills (Aravan) - with the greatest (35,13 ± 1,47), and infants from the midlands and lowlands had intermediate values chest circumference (Table 1.).

 

 

 

Table 1. Chest circumference of newborn male from different parts of the south of Kyrgyzstan.

 

Variability values chest circumference were lower in infants of Alai highlands. This fact can be explained by the isolation of the population related to the geographical location of the region and the duration of living population in the given area. Distributing asymmetry showed that among newborns of Alai highlands predominated children with large head circumference

(Fig.1). Variability values chest circumference was higher among newborns of Alai intermediate and lower - at the foothills of the newborn (Fig.1).

The vertical and horizontal lengths inside the oval - 99% - ing intervals evaluation indicators. Ovals - the area of co-existence of indicators, taking into account 99% - tion errors.

 

 

Fig. 1.Comparison of head circumference and the coefficient of variation of this indicator in newborn males from different regions of Kyrgyzstan.

 

The analysis of the distribution of values grasping size of circumference cells showed that among the population of Osh, newborn males often are born with the smaller chest circumference. In addition, in the Osh population had a higher excess: males are born with the chest circumference that comes close to the medium size. Positive asymmetry observed in Alay highland populations and Aravan middle land when newborn males are more likely to be born with a greater circumference of the chest.

 

Fig. 2.A comparison of the asymmetry and excess distributions of chest circumference in newborn males in different regions of Kyrgyzstan.

 

On the x-axis - asymmetry, the vertical axis – kurtosis Vertical and horizontal segments - 99% -s interval estimation parameters. Ovals - the area of co-existence of indicators on the account the 99% -s' errors. Using correlation analysis traced the relationship embrace of the chest sizes newborn males of the South of Kyrgyzstan with a height above sea level of accommodation. In the result, revealed the dependence of values chest circumference of newborns on the height above sea level of accommodation. Newborn males’ highlands had the lowest rate chest circumference compared with newborns of middle, low mountains and foothills (Figure 2).

 

Fig. 3. Chest circumference of newborn males and height above sea level of accommodation.

 

Analysis of the results of our data showed that, non-congenital of mountainous areas had lower values of the circumference of the chest, which can be caused by various factors. It is known, that at high altitudes the main factor affecting the functions of the body, is hypoxia [1], which is at the condition of the severe mountain climate gives rise to other factors affecting the growth and development of the fetus. In the highlands several authors noted the change of royal blood circulation in pregnant women [8], [12], changing the diameter of the uterine arteries [15], the change in blood oxygen saturation [4,9], the change in the neural and immune systems of pregnant women [5,6], hyperventilation light [10], the change in vital capacity and diffusion capacity of the lungs [11]. In connection with all above given facts we suggest that reducing the size of the chest circumference newborn Alai highlands may be associated with hypoxia. In turn, the environment affects the living conditions and needs of populations adapt to these conditions at the genetic level[2] depends on the length of residence in the region. Thus, Niermeyer S et al(1995) [13] studied the physical development of children of indigenous people of the Tibetans and the Han, living in the city of Lhasa (Tibet), located at an altitude of 3658 m above sea level, found that oxygen saturation had Tibetans as the newborn, and in the first four month of life greater than that of the Han, who moved to Lhasa after 1951. According to Sun SF et al. (1995) [14], respiratory minute volume indigenous Tibetans more than the Chinese Han, who settled there more recently. Haas JD et al (1982) [7] found that newborns and children up to 1 year from the highlands of Bolivia (3600) had a smaller body size and a more developed subcutaneous fat than children living in plains (400m). Bennett A, Sain SR, Vargas E, Moore LG [16], who studied the physical development of infants and pedigree of their parents living in La Paz, Bolivia (3600 m), came to the conclusion that a reduction in body size of natives of highlands, due to genetic factors may play a role as a protection against hypoxia. One of the key factors ensuring a relatively high resistance adapted to the mountains of the people is to increase the reserve function [1]. Thus, the reduction in the circumference of the chest highlands newborns happened because of the natural selection, of the hypoxia, because of the change in blood oxygen saturation and the changes in uterine blood flow in pregnant women and also because of the adaptation of populations at the genetic level.

 

The inversely proportional dependence between the chest circumference of newborn males of the South Kyrgyzstan and the living height above the sea level are established. The higher the altitude of the residence, the lower the indicators of chest circumference. In highlands, children were born with the smallest circumference of the chest, in the foothills with the more circumference of the chest. And newborns from midlands and lowlands had intermediate values of chest circumference.

 

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Accepted on 20.12.2016           © RJPT All right reserved