Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Hemolytic, Anti-anxiety, and Antihypertensive activity of Passiflora species

 

Imad Hadi Hameed¹*, Maria Rosario Calixto Cotos², Mohammed Yahya Hadi ³

¹College of Nursing, University of Babylon, Iraq

²Fac. Chemistry and Chemistry Engineering; University National Mayor of San Marcos. Lima Peru

³College of Biotechnology, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq

 

ABSTRACT:

The uses here are based on tradition or scientific theories of Passiflora species. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider. These traditional uses includes alcohol withdrawal, antibacterial, anti-seizure, anti-spasm, aphrodisiac, asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), burns (skin), cancer, chronic pain, cough, drug addiction, Epstein-Barr virus, fungal infections, gastrointestinal discomfort (nervous stomach), Helicobacter pylori infection, hemorrhoids, high blood pressure, menopausal symptoms (hot flashes), nerve pain and pain (general). Many different species of passiflora contain the saponins. Saponins are common constituents of plants that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities and frequently possess hemolytic, cytolytic and bactericidal activities. Furthermore, saponins also have plasma cholesterol-lowering activity and are widely utilized as a component of potent adjuvants to boost the immune response, principally when complexed with cholesterol. However, not all Passiflora species contain saponins in their leaves. Natural antioxidants derived from plant extracts have been claimed to have multiple biological activities including vasodilatatory, anti-inflammatory, anticancerogenic, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. The properties of the Passiflora hemolysin, such as its frothing ability, positive color reaction with vanillin, selective extraction with n-butanol, HPLC profile, cholesterol-dependent membrane susceptibility, formation of a stable complex with cholesterol, and rapid erythrocyte lysis kinetics indicate that it is probably a saponin. P. edulis therefore, may be a source of new therapeutic candidates with a spectrum of activity similar to the current anti-inflammatory steroids such as dexamethasone. Passiflora extract is potentially a significant improvement over benzodiazepines in the management of GAD. Passion flower (P. incarnata) is a woody, hairy, climbing vine and is reputed to have sedative/ anxiolytic properties. It has been used widely as an ingredient of herbal remedies, chiefly in the form of a liquid tincture. Passion flower (P. incarnata) is used for the cure of nervous restlessness, sleep disorders, restlessness, nervous stress and anxiety. Passiflora have been tested in humans or animals. Its safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

 

 

 

 

1. INTRODUCTION:

Passion flower is also known as maypop, apricot vine, passion vine, and granadilla. It grows as much as 30 ft (10 m) tall, with a thick, woody stem. The passion flowers or passion vines (Passiflora) have a genus of about 400 species of flowering plants and the largest in the family of Passifloraceae ^1-5. They are mostly vines, with some being shrubs, and a few species being herbaceous.The species of this genus are distributed in the warm temperate and tropical regions of the world, but they are much rarer in Asia, Australia, and tropical Africa. Species of Passiflora have been naturalized beyond their native ranges. For example, Blue Passion Flower (P. caerulea) now grows wild in Spain. The medical utility of very few species of Passiflora has been scientifically studied. Passionflower extracts have been classified into several categories of chemical activities like anxiolytic, spasmolytic, hypnotic, sedative, narcotic and anodyne. These extracts are part of a treatment that has successfully treated outpatients with adjustment disorder and anxious mood. Many species have been found to contain beta-carboline harmala alkaloids with anti-depressant properties. The flower and fruit has only traces of these chemicals, but the leaves and the roots are often more potent and have been used to enhance the effects of mind-altering drugs. Once dried, the leaves can also be smoked ^6-25. Passiflora quadrangularris is used by traditional healers for snake bites. Snake bites cause blood clotting and eventually burst blood vessels around the bite, this is known as haemorrhaging. When an extract of the leaves and branches of P. quadrangularris was administered orally either before or after a venom injection, haemorrhaging neutralizes and dropped below 25% in mice. Several monoterpenoid compounds (compounds with 10 carbons) have been isolated from P. quadrangularris. Some dietary monoterpenes have been proven chemopreventive against rat mammary cancer. Passiflora alata can induce occupational allergic disease in humans. Shatfocide, which is a glycoside of apigenin, was isolated from Passiflora incamata L ^26-34. Also experiments done with wheat sprouts extract suggest that shaftocide is responsible for the antimutagenic properties of the extract. In this review, phytochemical, pharmacological data, together with the clinical and adverse effect of Passiflora and its bioactive components, will be briefly discussed. The review will then focus on industrial and medical uses of Passiflora.

 

2.     Antimicrobial activity

In Passiflora species, many of the chemical components of passion flower (passicol) have antimicrobial activity.The ethanol leaf extracts exhibited variable degrees of antibacterial activity against P. putida, V. choleraeand moderate activity was noted in S. flexneri and S. pyogenes respectively ^35-46. The acetone extracts exhibited strong to moderate activity against V. cholerae followed by P. putida, S. flexneri and S. pyogenes. The ethanol fruit extracts showed moderate activity against the bacterial pathogens namely V. cholerae, P. putida, S. pyogenes and S. flexneri. Among the two parts tested, the leaf extracts exhibited better antibacterial activity than the fruits. The earlier reports focused on the antibacterial properties of Passiflora species by different methods. Study reported the antibacterial activity of Passiflora which has got activity against Pseudomonas tetrandra, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial properties of leaf and fruit (ethanol and acetone) extracts of Passiflora foetida (stinking passion flower) were screened against four human pathogenic bacteria that is Pseudomonas putida, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes using well-in agar method. The results showed the leaf extract having remarkable activity against all bacterial pathogens compared to fruits. Another study also found that 4-hydroxy-2- cyclopentenone was cytotoxic to leukemia cells. The 4-Hydroxy-2- cyclopentenone is responsible for the anti-bacterial activity of an extract of leaves from Passiflora tetrandra against the bacteria: E. coli, B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa, during the course of this experiment. Apigenin and luteolin were found to be toxic against the methicillin-resistant bacteria, S. aureus. In fungal molds and yeasts, an actinomycete, gram-positive and gram negative bacteria were tested qualitatively with an antimicrobial substance, here called "Passicol," obtained from Passiflora species ^47-55. A wide range of organisms were found susceptible to Passicol. The crude Passicol extracts in phosphate buffer (pH 7) solutions were tested against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (ringworm) and Candida albicans growing at 28°C. The fungi Microsporum and Trichophyton required additional amounts of extract on each for 2 or 3 days because of their slow growth. There is presence of Acetylenic compounds which inhibit germination or mycelial growth of some fungi.

 

3. Antioxidant activity

P. nitida leaf and P. palmeri stem extracts were characterized by a high antioxidant power that correlates with high catechin and odiphenol contents and shows antimicrobial activity. However, P. foetida leaf extracts, which also show high antimicrobial activity, have a low antioxidant power and low amounts of o-diphenol and catechin. P. tenuifila leaves show very high amounts of flavones and total phenols, but intermediate levels of antioxidant activity, probably due to the lower contribution of o-diphenols and gallocatechins relative to the phenol content. The antioxidant activity of leaf and stem extracts of P. edulis was determined using the 1, 1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay ^56-67. DPPH offers a convenient and accurate method for titrating the oxidizable groups of natural or synthetic anti-oxidants. P. nitida and P. palmeri also showed high antioxidant activity. P. tenuifila and P. coriacea demonstrated antioxidant power but not antimicrobial activity Table 1.

 

 

 

Table 1: Major pharmacological activity of Passiflora species.

Part of plant	System	Effects	Preparation	Ref.
Flower	Chemical activities	Anxiolytic, spasmolytic, hypnotic, sedative, narcotic and anodyne.	Extracts	6
	Biological and Pharmaceutical	Antimicrobial Allergic reactions, asthma, irritated sinuses, skin rashes, and skin blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis). Congestive heart failure restlessness, anxiety, and agitation	Products   Extract	7
Leaves	Traditional uses	Smoked	Dried	74
	Biological and Pharmaceutical	Antibacterial Antioxidant Anti-inflammatory Hemolytic	Ethanol extracts Extracts Aqueous extract	80 83
Fruit	Biological and Pharmaceutical	Antibacterial Anti-tumor	Ethanol extracts	84
Stem	Biological and Pharmaceutical	Antioxidant	Extracts	75
	Traditional uses	Alcohol withdrawal, antibacterial, anti-seizure, anti-spasm, aphrodisiac, asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), burns (skin), cancer, chronic pain, cough, drug addiction, Epstein-Barr virus, fungal infections, gastrointestinal discomfort (nervous stomach), Helicobacter pylori infection, hemorrhoids, high blood pressure, menopausal symptoms (hot flashes), nerve pain, pain (general), skin inflammation, tension and wrinkle prevention	--------	81
	Industrial uses	Beautiful flowers Fruit juice Manufacturers produce	---------	86

 

4. Anti-inflammatory activity

The aqueous leaves extract of Passiflora species exhibited potent anti-inflammatory action in the experimental model in vivo. The systemic administration of P. edulis exhibited pronounced anti-inflammatory actions, characterized by inhibition of leukocyte influx to the pleural cavity and associated with marked blockade of myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, TNF_ and IL-1 levels in the acute model of inflammation caused by intra pleural injection of mice. In one experiment, P. edulis was more effective in suppressing the TNF and IL-1 levels than dexamethasone. 

 

5. Hemolytic activity

Plants used in traditional medicine are rich sources of hemolysins and cytolysins, which are potential bactericidal and anticancer drugs. The Passiflora hemolysin markedly increased the conductance of planar lipid bilayers containing cholesterol but was ineffective in cholesterol-free bilayers ^68-86. Successive extraction of the crude hemolysin with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol resulted in a 10-fold purification, with the hemolytic activity being recovered in the n-butanol fraction.

 

6. Anti-anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is the most common anxiety disorder but is generally less severe than panic disorder. GAD is probably the disorder most often found with a coexisting mental disorder, usually another anxiety disorder or a mood disorder.

7. Antihypertensive

P. edulis, which is an allied species of Passiflora, has already been reported to possess antihypertensive effects and P. nepalensis is used in folklore medicine for treating hypertension ^71-81.

 

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I thank Dr. Amean A. Al-yasiri, College of Nursing, for valuable suggestions and encouragement. 

 

9. REFERENCES:

1.     Li Q, Heuvel H, Delorenzo O, Corthout J, Pieters L, Vlietinck A, Claeys M. Mass spectral characterization of C-glycosidic flavonoids isolated from medicinal plant (Passiflora incarnata). J. Chromotograph. 1991; 562(2): 435-446.

2.     Linda D, Lloyd W, Rooney L. Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxydants. J. Cereal Sci. 2006; 44: 236-251.  

3.     Machado L, Monte F, de Oliveira M, de Mattos M, Lemos T, Gotor V, Fernandez G, Gonzalo D, Gotor V. Bioreduction of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones by Fruits Barks of Passiflora edulis. J. Mol. Catalysis B. Enzymatic. 2008; 54: 103-108.

4.     Mohanasundari C, Natarajan D, Srinivasan K, Umamaheswari S, Ramachandran A. Antibacterial properties of Passiflora foetida L. a common exotic medicinal plant. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2007; 6-23: 2650- 2653.

5.     Montanher A, Zucolotto SM, Schenkel E, Frode T. Evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of Passiflora edulis in an inflammation model. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 109: 281-288.

6.     Pinheiro E, Silva I, Gonzaga LV, Amante E, Reinaldo F, Ferreira, M, Amboni R. Optimization of extraction of high ester pectin from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa) with citric acid by using response surface methodology. Bioresour. Technol. 2008; 99-113: 5561-5566.

7.     Puricelli L, Aicab I, Sartorb L, Garbisa S, Caniato R. Preliminary evaluation of inhibition of matrix metalloprotease MMP-2 and MMP-9 by Passiflora edulis and P. foetida aqueous extracts. Fitoterapia. 2003; 74: 302-304.

8.     Kadhim MJ, Sosa AA, Hameed IH. Evaluation of anti-bacterial activity and bioactive chemical analysis of Ocimum basilicum using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(6): 127-146.

9.     Mohammed GJ, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Proteus species: Characterization and herbal antibacterial: A review. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(11): 1844-1854.

10.  Shireen SK, Hameed IH, Hamza LF. Acorus calamus: Parts used, insecticidal, anti-fungal, antitumour and anti-inflammatory activity: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(3): 153-157.  

11.  Huda JA, Hameed IH, Hamza LF. Anethum graveolens: Physicochemical properties, medicinal uses, antimicrobial effects, antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(3): 88-91. 

12.  Altaee N, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Detection of volatile compounds produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from UTI patients by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research. 2016; 8(6): 462-470.

13.  Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ubaid JM. Analysis of the secondary metabolite products of Ammi majus and evaluation anti-insect activity. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): 1192-1189.

14.  Hussein HM, Ubaid JM, Hameed IH. Inscticidal activity of methanolic seeds extract of Ricinus communis on adult of callosobruchus maculatus (coleopteran:brauchidae) and analysis of its phytochemical composition. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): 1385-1397.

15.  Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Determination of bioactive chemical composition of Callosobruchus maculutus and investigation of its anti-fungal activity. International journal of pharmcognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): 1293-1299.

16.  Ibraheam IA, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Cyclamen persicum: Methanolic Extract Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(4); 200-213.

17.  Ibraheam IA, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Analysis of Bioactive Compounds of Methanolic Leaves extract of Mentha pulegium Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. 2017; 8(4); 174-182.

18.  Hadi MY, Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA. Ceratonia siliqua: Characterization, Pharmaceutical Products and Analysis of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3585-3589.

19.  Hadi MY, Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA. Mentha pulegium: Medicinal uses, Anti-Hepatic, Antibacterial, Antioxidant effect and Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3580-3584.

20.  Kadhim MJ, Sosa AA, Hameed IH. Evaluation of anti-bacterial activity and bioactive chemical analysis of Ocimum basilicum using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(6): 127-146.

21.  Mohammed GJ, Kadhim MJ, Hussein HM. Characterization of bioactive chemical compounds from Aspergillus terreus and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(6): 889-905.  

22.  Hameed IH, Altameme HJ, Idan SA. Artemisia annua: Biochemical products analysis of methanolic aerial parts extract and anti-microbial capacity. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2016; 7(2): 1843- 1868

23.  Hussein AO, Mohammed GJ, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Phytochemical screening of methanolic dried galls extract of Quercus infectoria using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016; 8(3): 49-59.

24.  Sosa AA, Bagi SH, Hameed IH. Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Euphorbia lathyrus using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(5): 109-126.

25.  Altameme HJ, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Phytochemical analysis of Urtica dioica leaves by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2015; 7(10): 238-252.

26.  Mohammed GJ, Omran AM, Hussein HM. Antibacterial and Phytochemical Analysis of Piper nigrum using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrum and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(6): 977-996.

27.  Hamza LF, Kamal SA, Hameed IH. Determination of metabolites products by Penicillium expansum and evaluating antimicobial activity. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2015; 7(9): 194-220.

28.  Jasim H, Hussein AO, Hameed IH, Kareem MA. Characterization of alkaloid constitution and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Solanum nigrum using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2015; 7(4): 56-72.

29.  Hadi MY, Mohammed GJ, Hameed IH. Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Nigella sativa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016; 8(2): 8-24.

30.  Hameed IH, Ibraheam IA, Kadhim HJ. Gas chromatography mass spectrum and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of methanolic extract of Rosmarinus oficinalis leaves. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2015; 7 (6): 90-106.

31.  Shareef HK, Muhammed HJ, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Antibacterial effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) roscoe and bioactive chemical analysis using gas chromatography mass spectrum. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 32(2): 20-40.

32.  Al-Jassaci MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hameed IH. Secondary Metabolites Analysis of Saccharomyces cerievisiae and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; 8(5): 304-315.

33.  Mohammed GJ, Al-Jassani MJ, Hameed IH. Anti-bacterial, Antifungal Activity and Chemical analysis of Punica grantanum (Pomegranate peel) using GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(3): 480-494.

34.  Dhahir BM, Hameed IH, Jaber AR. Prospective and Retrospective Study of Fractures According to Trauma Mechanism and Type of Bone Fracture. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10):1827-1835.

35.  Hapeep MA, Hameed IH, Jasim AA. Risk Factors, Cause and Site of Firearm Injuries: A Prospective and Retrospective Study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3420-3425.

36.  Jasim AA, Hameed IH, Hapeep MA. Traumatic Events in an Urban and Rural Population of Children, Adolescents and Adults in Babylon Governorate - Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3429-3434.

37.  Al-Marzoqi AH, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Determination of metabolites products by Cassia angustifolia and evaluate antimicobial activity. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016; 8(2): 25-48.

38.  Altameme HJ, Hameed IH, Abu-Serag NA. Analysis of bioactive phytochemical compounds of two medicinal plants, Equisetum arvense and Alchemila valgaris seed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Malays. Appl. Biol. 2015; 44(4): 47–58.

39.  Hameed IH, Hamza LF, Kamal SA. Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Aspergillus niger by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2015;7(8): 132-163.

40.  Hameed IH, Hussein HJ, Kareem MA, Hamad NS. Identification of five newly described bioactive chemical compounds in methanolic extract of Mentha viridis by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2015; 7 (7): 107-125.

41.  Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ibraheem OA. Antimicrobial Activity and spectral chemical analysis of methanolic leaves extract of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris using GC-MS and FT-IR spectroscopy.  International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2016; 8(3): 369-385.

42.  Hussein HJ, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Study of chemical composition of Foeniculum vulgare using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016; 8(3): 60-89.

43.  Kadhim MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hameed IH. In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and phytochemical analysis of methanolic fruit extract of Cassia fistula. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 32(2): 10-30.

44.  Altameme HJ, Hameed IH, Idan SA, Hadi MY. Biochemical analysis of Origanum vulgare seeds by fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2015; 7(9): 221-237.

45.  Hussein HM. Analysis of trace heavy metals and volatile chemical compounds of Lepidium sativum using atomic absorption spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2016; 7(4): 2529 – 2555.

46.  Hameed IH. A new polymorphic positions discovered in mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region HVIII from central and north-central of Iraq. Mitochondrial DNA. 2016; 27(5): 3250-4.

47.  Jaddoa HH, Hameed IH, Mohammed GJ. Analysis of volatile metabolites released by Staphylococcus aureus using gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry and determination of its antifungal activity. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 32(4): 8-24.

48.  Hameed IH, Salman HD, Mohammed GJ. Evaluation of antifungal and antibacterial activity and analysis of bioactive phytochemical compounds of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Cinnamon bark) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 32(4): 16-25.

49.  Hameed IH, Jebor MA, Ommer AJ, Abdulzahra AI. Haplotype data of mitochondrial DNA coding region encompassing nucleotide positions 11,719–12,184 and evaluate the importance of these positions for forensic genetic purposes in Iraq. Mitochondrial DNA. 2016; 27(2): 1324-1327.

50.  Kadhim MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hussein HM. Analysis of bioactive metabolites from Candida albicans using (GC-MS) and evaluation of antibacterial activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; 8(7): 655-670.

51.  Mohammad A, Imad H. Autosomal STR: From locus information to next generation sequencing technology. Research Journal of Biotechnology. 2013; 1(2): 15-23. 

52.  Hameed IH, Abdulzahra AI, Jebor MA, Kqueen CY. Ommer, A.J. Haplotypes and variable position detection in the mitochondrial DNA coding region encompassing nucleotide positions 10,716-11,184. Mitochondrial DNA. 2015; 3(6): 1-9.

53.  Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Analysis of bioactive compounds of Tribolium castaneum and evaluation of anti-bacterial activity. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; 8(7): 655-670.

54.  Altaee N, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Detection of volatile compounds produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from UTI patients by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 2017; 7(6): 8-24.

55.  Altaee N, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Characterization of metabolites produced by E. coli and analysis of its chemical compounds using GC-MS. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 2017; 7(6): 13-19.

56.  Hussein JH, Ubaid JM, Hameed IH. Gas chromatography – mass spectrum analysis of volatile components of methanolic leaves extract of Cordia myxa. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 2017; 7(6): 16-22.

57.  Hameed, I.H., Al-Rubaye A.F. and Kadhim, M.J. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Urinary Tract Infections. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017; 8(11): 44-54. 

58.  Kadhim WA, Kadhim, M.J., Hameed, I.H. Antibacterial Activity of Several Plant Extracts Against Proteus Species. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017; 8(11): 88-94.

59.  Ahmed MD, Hameed IH, Abd-Ali MQ. Prospective and Retrospective Study of the Acute Heart Attack Cases in Marjan Hospital-Hillah City-Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3408-3416.

60.  Fakhir DF, Hameed IH, Flayyih SS. Burns Injuries: A Prospective Statistical Study of 112 patients. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3401-3407.

61.  Mekhlef AK, Hameed IH, Khudhair ME. Prevalence of Physical Injuries on the Head, Neck and Entire Body in, Hilla, Iraq. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017; 10(10): 3276-3282.

62.  Kadhim MJ. In Vitro antifungal potential of Acinetobacter baumannii and determination of its chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Der Pharma Chemica. 2016; 8(19): 657-665.

63.  Hameed IH, Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ. Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants and Urinary Tract Infections. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2017; 9(1): 44-50.

64.  Al-Rubaye AF, Hameed IH, Kadhim MJ. A Review: Uses of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds of Some Plants. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research. 2017; 9(1); 81-85.

65.  Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Characterization of Antifungal Secondary Metabolites Produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Screening of its Chemical Compounds Using GC-MS. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 8(2); 141-148.

66.  Hameed IH, Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ. Uses of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Technique in Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Review. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 2017; 8(2): 79-84.

67.  Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Phytochemical Profiles of Methanolic Seeds Extract of Cuminum cyminum using GC-MS Technique. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 2017; 8(2): 114-124.

68.  Hameed IH, Al-Rubaye AF, Kadhim MJ. Urinary Tract Infections: Characterization and Herbal Antimicrobial Activity: A Review. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research. 2017; 8(2): 184-191.

69.  Kadhim MJ, Kaizal AF, Hameed IH. Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2016; 8(12): 1685-1694.

70.  Ubaid JM, Kadhim MJ, Hameed IH. Study of Bioactive Methanolic Extract of Camponotus fellah Using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrum. International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research. 2016; 8(6): 434-439.

71.  Hussein HM, Hameed IH, Ubaid JM. Analysis of the secondary metabolite products of Ammi majus and evaluation anti-insect activity. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): 1192-1189.

72.  Hussein HM, Ubaid JM, Hameed IH. Inscticidal activity of methanolic seeds extract of Ricinus communis on adult of callosobruchus maculatus (coleopteran:brauchidae) and analysis of its phytochemical composition. International journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): 1385-1397.

73.  Ubaid JM, Hussein HM, Hameed IH. Determination of bioactive chemical composition of Callosobruchus maculutus and investigation of its anti-fungal activity. International journal of pharmcognosy and phytochemical research. 2016; 8(8): 1293-1299.

74.  Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J. Clin. Pharm. Therapeut. 2001; 26-5: 363-367.

75.  Barbosa PR, Valvassori SS, Bordignon CL, Kappel VD, .Martins MR, Gavioli EC, Quevedo J, Reginatto FH. The Aqueous Extracts of and Reduce Anxiety Related Behaviors Without Affecting Memory Process in Rats. J. Med. Food. 2008; 11: 282-288.

76.  Bendini A, Cerretani L, Pizzolante L, Toschi TG. Phenol content related to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Passiflora spp. Extracts. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2006; 223: 102-109.

77.  Beninca J, Montanher A, Zucolotto S, Schenkel E, Frode T. Evaluation of the AntiInflammatory Efficacy of Passiflora Edulis. Food Chem. 2007; 104: 1097-1105.

78.  Benson VL, Khachigian LM, Lowe HC. Dnazymes and Cardiovascular Disease. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2008; 154: 741-748.

79.  Brown E, Hurd NS, McCall S, Ceremuga TE. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of chrysin a Passiflora incarnata extract in the laboratory rat. AANA. J. 2007; 75(5): 333–337.

80.  Capasso A, Sorrentino L. Pharmacological studies on the sedative and hypnotic effect of Kava kava and Passiflora extracts combination. Phytomed. 2005; 12(1-2): 39-45.

81.  Chlouchi A, Girard C, Bonet A, Viollon AC, Heyd B, Mantion G, Martin H, Richert L. Effect of chrysin and natural coumarins on UGT1A1 and 1A6 activities in rat and human hepatocytes in primary culture. Planta Med. 2007; 73(8): 742-747.

82.  Coleta M, Batista MT, Campos MG, Carvalho R, Cotrim MD, Lima TC, Cunha AP. Neuropharmacological evaluation of the putative anxiolytic effects of Passiflora edulis Sims its sub-fractions and flavonoid constituents. Phytother. Res., 2006; 20(12): 1067-1073.

83.  Ichimura T, Yamanaka A, Ichiba T, Toyokawa T, Kamada Y, Tamamura T, Maruyama S. Antihypersensitive effect of an extract of Passiflora edulis rind in spontaneously hypersensitive rat. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2006; 70-3: 718-721.

84.  Ikegami F, Fujii Y, Ishihara K, Satoh T. Toxicological aspects of Kampo medicines in Clinical Use. Chem. Biol. Interac. 2003; 145: 235-250.

85.  Izzo AA. Drug interactions with St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the clinical evidence. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Thera. 2004; 42: 139-148.

86.  Izzotti A, Bagnasco M, Cartiglia C, Longobardi, M, Camoirano A, Tampa E, Lubet RA, De FS. Modulation of multigene expression and proteome profiles by chemopreventive agents. Mutat. Res. 2005; 11-59(11-2): 212-223.

 

 

 

 

 

Accepted on 21.08.2017           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2017; 10(11): 4079-4084.