INTRODUCTION:

Dental disease is a problem that at least one people experience during their lives. In fact, tooth decay is one of the most common diseases in children and adults. Dental disease is recognized as a major public health problem throughout the world and is the most common cause of tooth loss in adults. Dental problems include everything from Dental caries, Gingivitis, Dental erosion, Tooth Sensitivity, Malocclusion, Mouth Cancer, Dental Plaque, Bad breath, Periodontitis, and many more. [1] Today Dental caries remain one of the most common diseases throughout the world. Is also known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infection, bacterial in origin, that causes demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues usually by production of acid by bacterial fermentation of the food debris accumulated on the tooth surface. If demineralization exceeds saliva and other remineralization factors such as from calcium and fluoridated toothpastes, these hard tissues progressively break down, producing dental caries (cavities, holes in the teeth). [2]

The bacteria most responsible for dental cavities are the mutans streptococci, most prominently Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and lactobacilli. If left untreated, the disease can lead to pain, tooth loss and infection. Dental caries often observed both in children and in adults as a result of the accumulation of plaque, which is formed over time from bacteria and acids. With poor oral hygiene begins enamel erosion, it formed tiny holes. [3]

Gingivitis is the infection of the gums, known as periodontitis, also originates from the plaque. While brushing your teeth helps to get rid of the sticky film coating reappears, and after 2-3 days turns into tartar. Plaque is a good breeding ground for bacteria, and eventually it becomes a cause of inflammation of the gums a disease called gingivitis. If the disease is not treated, it can lead to tissue damage gums and tooth loss. Acute catarrhal gingivitis is characteristic of the period and changes of growing teeth. There is acute infectious and other diseases . Chronic gingivitis is the length of flaccid flows; complaints poorly expressed. A burning process may be limited interdental papillae and gums or boundary extends to the whole of the alveolar gum, it is limited - localized or generalized - spilled. [4] Gingivitis symptoms are more likely to include Soft, inflammation of the gums, bleeding gums, Color (change of the gums from pink to dark red), mobility of the teeth, bad breath, etc. Dental erosion cause by few products such as fruit juices and carbonated beverages have an acidic nature and too frequent use may lead to the weakening of tooth enamel and change its color and increased sensitivity of teeth. [5] Tooth Sensitivity as the name implies, this dental problem causes the patient to experience great discomfort in one or more teeth in response to hot or cold foods and desserts or drinks. In some cases, it may even cause discomfort cold air. Typically, sensitivity manifests itself as a sharp stabbing pain that is felt deep in his mouth. [6] Periodontal Diseases affect the tissues surrounding the teeth. Gums and bone supporting the teeth come under the term periodontal. Gingivitis, the mildest form of periodontal disease, is generally caused by insufficient oral hygiene. Inadequate oral hygiene can lead to plaque buildup. A variety of triggering factors like bacterial causes, dyscrasias, avitaminosis etc. cause inflamed gums leading to gingivitis. Periodontitis occurs when the gum tissues separate from the tooth and sulcus, forming periodontal pockets [7] Periodontal disease are characterized by color and texture alterations of the gingiva, e.g. redness and swelling, as well as an increased tendency to bleeding on probing in the gingival sulcus/pocket area. Salivary tartar has an additive effect to these causative factors in causing gingivitis. Aggressive periodontitis, chronic periodontitis and those resulting from conditions like HIV, diabetes, malnutrition and immunosuppression are the other types of periodontitis [8]

There are many herbs with medicinal properties ways to treat dental disease, some of which even help in preventing it from occurring. There are a number of herbs that can help eliminate inflammation, infection bacteria associated with caries, gingivitis, periodontal diseases. of course proper oral hygiene goes a long way in treating and preventing dental disease Mostly many antibacterial drugs are applied directly to the mouth for the treatment of dental diseases. Mouth rinses, irrigating solutions and sustained release devices are some of the local delivery system used [9]

The Medicinal Plant Uses From Prevention And Treatment Of Oral Diseases:

Is effective, harmless, has virtually no contraindications. This treatment applies to varieties of metabolic therapy and fully complies with pathogenetic therapy, as has a direct impact on the processes of tissue metabolism, being in fact the only way of anti-treatment. Herbal preparations contain a biologically active substance, which in most cases is non-toxic, non-irritating, non-allergenic, and most importantly be active against strains of viruses and microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and synthetic drugs. Herbal medicine widely used in dentistry for the treatment of mucosal diseases and periodontal found herbs and their preparations. Apply extracts, decoctions, infusions of chamomile, calendula, St. John's wort, plantain, kalanchoe, aloe, eucalyptus, nettle, viburnum, mother and stepmother, yarrow, sage, sweet, and others. [10]

Clove oil will reduce infection and relieves pain. Clove oil is commonly used for the relief of toothache, the active ingredient in clove oil is eugenol and this treatment is applied for someone about to undergo a root cavity of the tooth or suffering from dry socket. Herbal remedies, providing therapeutic (analgesic, anti-inflammatory, regenerative) and regulatory action, normalize blood pressure and cardiovascular activity, affect the metabolic processes in the body, improve its protective properties and the phagocytic activity of leukocytes to inhibit the enzymatic activity of coccal flora, stimulate suction function of the oral mucosa. [11] For mouth trays and applications alcoholic solutions diluted with boiled or distilled water at the rate of 1 teaspoon to 1 cup of water. Most herbal remedies have different properties: anti-inflammatory, desensitizing, antiseptic, analgesic, hemostatic, for epithelialization. Essential oils are used in dentistry for treatment of periodontal disease, it is included in toothpastes. A decoction of the roots is used for rinsing the mouth with foetor ex ore, stomatitis and other oral diseases.

Sweet Flag (Acoruscalamus):

This plant is found in the Ukraine. It grows in bogs and marshy meadows, along rivers, lakes, and ponds, on the bottoms of the beams. The medical raw material is a rhizome. Procurement of raw materials produced from late summer to late autumn. They are washed in running water, Rhizome contains a volatile oil, tannins, ascorbic acid, starch and others. It has been used medicinally for a wide variety of ailments, and its aroma makes calamus essential oil, which is used in dentistry for treatment of periodontal disease, it is included in toothpastes and drug. A decoction of the roots is used for rinsing the mouth, stomatitis and other oral diseases. [12] The drugs made from Acoruscalamus plants are as Vicalin, Gastrointestinales species, Stomachicae species No. 3, Vicair, Phytogastrol (gastro-intestinal species), Gastrointestinales species, Calamirhizomata.

Common marshmallow (Althaea officinalis):

Is a perennial species indigenous to Africa, which is used as a medicinal plant and ornamental plant. It grows in wet meadows, along rivers and lakes Marshmallow root contain mucus (about 35%), starch (37%), sugar (8%), asparagine (2%), betaines (4%), phytosterols, pectin (16%), fatty oil (approximately 2 %). Preparations from marshmallow root have expectorant, enveloping, emollient and anti-inflammatory action. Mucus marshmallow root, slowing the absorption of substances from the surface on which it is applied, contributes to a more sustained local effect of the drug especially in pediatric for the treatment of respiratory diseases, fevers, ulcers and urinary infections, stomach and intestines. [13] In the dental practice, the infusion of marshmallow root used in the form of applications for the treatment of ulcerative process in the oral cavity, periodontal disease. Inflammatory-dystrophic forms. The drugs made from Althaea officinalis plants are Althaeaesirupus.

Wolf's Bane (Arnica montana):

Is found in the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine and the Carpathians. It grows in subalpine meadows, rarely on the edges of mountain forests. Medicinal raw materials are buds. Arnica preparations have "hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing properties. The Ready drug of arnica tincture is used internally for pelvic inflammatory disease, as a lotion for injuries. Before use, it was diluted with water (1: 5 or 1: 10). In dentistry, it is advisable to apply the tincture of arnica (diluted 1: 10) for rinsing the mouth with inflammation of the mucous membrane. The drugs made from Althaea officinalis plants are Arnigel, Cerebrum compositum N, Traumeel S, Zeel T.

Green tea (Camellia sinensis):

This is one of the most commonly consumed beverages in the world. Green tea is a good source of polyphenol antioxidants and both contain flavonoids that inhibit the growth and activity of the bacteria associated with tooth decay. Saponins extracted from green tea have an anti-inflammatory effect, which is helpful in preventing dental caries. [14] Several studies suggested that green tea catechin has a preventive effect against the development of oxidative stress and the effect has been related to the antioxidative mechanisms of catechin in which oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, it is believed that antioxidants can defend against inflammatory diseases.[15].

Turmeric (Curcuma longa):

This is a flavourful yellow-orange spice. The active constituents of Curcuma long a are the flavonoid curcumin and various volatile oils. It has several effects like Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Hepatoprotective and Anti-microbial [16]It is being used in various treatment for dental application in the form of Mouthwash, is also useful for applying to tooth surfaces for the prevention or reduction of dental caries. [17]Massaging the aching teeth with roasted, ground turmeric eliminates pain and swelling. Applying the powder of burnt turmeric pieces and bisop’s weed seed on the teeth and cleaning them makes the gums and teeth strong.[18] The drugs made from Turmeric (Curcuma longa) are Febichol, Supplements (Ovesol)

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis):

Aloe vera was already used as a drug by the Greeks as early as 400 B.C. and later by Arabian physicians. It is probably present as a cultivated plant in all countries of tropical Africa. In Nigeria Aloe vera is commercially grown for the local market.[19] Aloe vera is proven itself in being beneficial in many health functions, it has been reported to sooth gum tissue and relieve pain and discomfort when applied on gums. Currently, several drugs used aloe. Aloe juice extracted from fresh leaves of aloe, used inside gastritis, gastroenteritis, enter colitis, constipation, and externally in the treatment of septic wounds, burns, inflammatory skin diseases.[20] Aloe extract liquid for injection is used to treat eye diseases, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcers, bronchial asthma, etc., Liniment aloe and emulsion of aloe is used externally for burns and for the prevention and treatment of skin lesions with radiation therapy. In dentistry, widely used aloe juice and fresh cut up leaves with juice or pulp from fresh leaves with periodontitis by placing pulp in gingival pockets or on the gums; for the same purpose is introduced aloe liquid subcutaneously. The emulsion of aloe is used for stomatitis in patients with radiation sickness.[21].

The drugs made from Aloe vera are Aloe Vesta (miconazole topical is the generic Name) is used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, tineaversicolor (a fungus that discolors the skin), and yeast infections. Aloe Vera Gel (AL-oh VIR-ah) is also a gel product made from the aloe vera plant. It works by helping the skin heal. Akvalor, Cream fixing extra strong denture PROTEFIKS, Aloe Vera Capsules

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale):

Dandelion contains biotin, calcium, choline, fats, iron, magnesium, niacin, PABA, phosphorus, proteins, sulfur, zinc, and a variety of vitamins. Dandelion is useful for treating abscesses in the oral cavity.

Hawthorn blood-red (Crataegus sanguinea):

Hawthorn blood-red in the southern part of the forest zone of Siberia, the eastern regions of the European part of the Soviet Union. Hawthorn prickly found only in the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea, are often cultivated as an ornamental plant. [22] In medicine it is allowed to use the fruits and flowers of hawthorn blood-red and prickly. The fruits of hawthorn contain tannins, sorbitol, choline, acetylcholine, a fatty oil, fatty oil, choline, acetylcholine, trimethylamine and essential oil (up 0.16%). Hawthorn blood-red chemically hardly been studied. Hawthorn preparations lower blood pressure, antiarrhythmic properties. Hawthorn is used as a cardiotonic agent in functional disorders of cardiac activity, heart failure, primary form of hypertension, insomnia in patients with heart disease, hyperthyroidism and tachycardia. In dentistry, hawthorn preparations can be used in treatment of periodontal disease.[23] The drugs made from Hawthorn blood-red are Crataegus-Alcoj and Aurocard

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a perennial flowering plant, is found Europe and parts of Asia, valerian has been introduced into North America. Large amount reserves of valerian found in Ukraine. Medical raw material are rhizomes with roots unseparated, the valerian rhizomes with roots contain essential oil (0.5 to 2.0%), which is composed of tannins, saponins, organic acids (butyric, acetic, malic, stearic, and others.) And alkaloids Preparations of valerian reduces the excitability of the central nervous system, increase the secretion of glands of the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal, relieve muscle spasms regulate the activity of the heart, improves coronary circulation. [24] Preparations of valerian: rhizomes with roots cutting briquettes or powder; infusion (6,0-20,0; 180,0-200,0); tincture, extract thick for making tablets (but 0.02); liquid extract is used for preparing medicines with increased nervous irritability, insomnia, nervousness of the cardiovascular system, spasms and disorders of the secretory function of the digestive system. In dental practice, drugs valerian is widely used in the treatment of oral diseases, as well as an independent sedative. [25] The drugs made from Valerian are Pills Valeriana, Valerianae plus, Dormiplant®- Valeriana, Microiode.

Chamomile: (Chamomilla):

Chamomile has been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years, is considered a safe plant Chamomile oil demonstrates antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Strptococcus mutans and Strptococcus salivarius. It also has fungicidal activity against Candidia albicans. Alpha-bisabolol provides the antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer activity. Chamomile use in periodontal diseases helps to reduce inflammation from periodontitis and also reduces the level of unhealthy bacteria in the mouth. In order to expose the gum to this herb, Chamomile tea is taken or mouth rinses and toothpastes containing Chamomile is taken to overcome periodontal infections. [26]

Common bistort (Persicaria bistorta) is a species of flowering plant native to Europe and north and west Asia. Large amount of this plant are found in the northern and western regions of Ukraine mainly on wet meadows along the river, on the shores of Lake wetlands and wet forest edges. In medicine use rhizome of the plant The rhizomes contain tannins (25%), gallic acid (0.44%), starch (26.5%), calcium oxalate (1.1 v / v); roots-ascorbic acid (132.2 mg%). Medically the plants regulate the function of the digestive system, astringent, hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effect. The therapeutic effect is mainly due to their presence of tannins. In dental practice is use in inflammatory processes of the oral mucosa, for the treatment of catarrhal stomatitis, gingivitis, periodontal disease and other oral diseases, and for treating chronic wounds, boils.

Greater Burdock (Arctium lappa):

Greater Burdock has been researched in Dentistry because of its antimicrobial potential against oral microorganisms specifically those associated with endodontic infections . It has antibacterial and antifungal activity, diuretic, anti-oxidant and platelet anti-aggregating effect and HIV inhibitory action Greater Burdock is use as an intracanal medication [27]

Liquorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra):

Liquorice root is also known as liquorice and sweet wood. It is native to the Mediterranean and certain areas of Asia. Licorice and Liquorice possess sweet taste and has extensive pharmacyological effects It has anti-allergic, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, demulcent, emollient, estrogenic (mild), expectorant and laxative Liquorice root is prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases and tooth decay. [28]

Triphala (Emblica officinalis):

Triphala meaning “the three fruits” and it’s comprised of the Indian fruits Indian gooseberry Amalaki (Embilica officinalis), Bibhitaki (Terminalia beleria), and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) which has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant. Triphala have an inhibitory effect on plaque, gingivitis, and growth of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Studies show that Triphala is use for the cure of periodontal diseases and dental caries [29].

Neem (Azadirachta indica):

Azadirachta indica, also known as Neem, has antibacterial, antifungal and anti inflammatory action which inhibiting prostaglandin E and 5 HT in reducing inflammation It has been used in India for several decades for the treatment of several diseases in dentistry. [30] The leaves are used in the treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis. Neem twigs are used as oral deodorant, toothache reliever, for cleaning of teeth, reduction of gingival, bleeding, and plaque A dried chewing sticks of Neem showed maximum antibacterial activity against S. mutans compared to other dental caries-causing organisms, S. salivarius, S. mitis, and S. sanguis[31]. The drugs made from Azadirachta indica (meliaceae) are Amaryl, Octreotide, Sympathyl, Apidra® SoloStar, Octreotide-Long FS, Cordarone and Clexane.

Peppermint (Mentha piperita):

Cultivated in specialized farms in Ukraine, the North Caucasus, Belarus and Moldova. Medicinal raw materials are leaves. The mint leaves contain essential oil (1.5-3.5%), coffee, chlorogenic, flavonoids and betaine. Essential oil with a colorless, yellowish or greenish tint liquid with a pleasant characteristic odor of mint, a cooling, burning taste with a relative molecular weight of 0,895 - 0,920. The main components of oil, 1-menthol (40-70%), 1-menthol ketone (9-25%). Peppermint pill is used for the treatment of dysfunction of the digestive tract, spastic colitis, enterocolitis, liver disease, gallbladder In dentistry Menthol is widely used as a component of toothpaste, present and powders, solutions, mouthwashes [32].

Newbouldia laevis :

An extract of Newbouldia laevis which was made from the leaves of the tree, was tested as a bactericide for the bacteria which were implicated in dental caries and it was found that Newbouldia laevis had a bactericidal action against Streptococci mutans and Lactobacilli Newbouldia laevis leaves are basic used for treatment of toothache and as mouth rise [33].

Miswak , Chewing Stick (Salvadora persica):

Chewing sticks has been known to maintain good oral health in Asia, Africa, Nigeria, South America, and throughout the Islamic countries. Chewing Stick is a made from miswak (Salvadora persica) a tree with antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-cariogenic, and anti-plaque properties. For example, the active components of the Nigerian chewing stick (Fagarazan thoxyloides) have been found to consist of various alkaloids[34]. The compounds showed growth inhibitory effect on oral cariogenic bacteria and periodontal pathogens, It can thus help prevent tooth decay and gum disease. Several studies have also claimed that miswak has anti-oxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. [35]

Common oak (English oak) – (Quercusroburas):

Common oakis widely distributed in the Europe in the area of deciduous mixed forests and found everywhere in Ukraine. Quercusroburhas a bark, which can be used in medicinal preparations. The bark is rich in tannins, which make it astringent. It has bactericide properties; it may inhibit bacterial growth and inactivate toxins. It also influences the capillaries by minimizing permeability and micro bleeding. Oak bark infusions are used in the treatment of oral cavity, bleedings and throat inflammations.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare):

It is widely distributed in the Europe, the Caucasus, southern Siberia and the mountainous regions of Central Asia and Nigeria. In medicine is used aerial parts (grass). Herb oregano contains 0.5-1.5% of essential oils, 8% tannins, flavonoids, ascorbic acid. The essential oil has a pleasant smell, it consists of phenol (44%) -timol, carvacrol, as well as bicyclic and tricyclic sesquiterpenes (12.5%) with a strong anesthetic and antiseptic-free alcohols (12,8-15, 4%) Preparations Oregano is used as an expectorant, tonic gut peristalsis, increases the secretion of digestive, bronchial and sweat glands, boleutolyayuschego, and calming the central nervous system Infusion (15.0: 200.0) is used at a reduced gastric acid secretion, gut atony and blisters, and to improve appetite and digestion; as a sedative and antitussive used in acute and chronic bronchitis, insomnia, neurosis, nervous excitement and liver disease, [36] In dentistry, infusion of herbs used in the form of warm rinse for toothache. Tincture and essential oil is introduced into the cavity of the patient's tooth as an anesthetic The drugs made from Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is Kandynorm Complex Gel.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum):

Is indigenous flowering plant to Europe but has spread worldwide to regions of Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, the Middle East, Nigeria, India, South Africa, Canada, the United States and China. In medicine we used aerial parts (grass). The herb St. John's wort contains flavonoids, tannins, essential oil (0.2-0.3%) containing terpenes, sesquiterpenes, esters of valeric acid, saponins, vitamin C and other traces of alkaloids. St. John's wort is used as an astringent, anti-inflammatory agent for gastroenteritis, colitis, gastric ulcer duodenal ulcer and antiseptic [37] In dentistry, St. John's wort preparations are used for the lubrication of the gums and mouth rinse for the prevention and treatment of gingivitis and stomatitis. It has been suggests there is possibility of use in dentistry mammal oil. [38] The drugs made from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) are Bilobil, Bilobil® forte; Tsikaderma.

Centaury (Centauriumerythraea) is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family known by the common names common centaury and European centaury. In medicine we used aerial parts (leave) plant. The Infusion (10: 200.0) of centaury is used as a tincture, increase the secretion of digestive glands, diabetes, skin rashes, eczema and increase secretion. In dentistry centaury drugs can be used as wound healing agents for diseases of the oral cavity. The drugs made from Centaury (Centauriumerythraea) is Depuraflux.

CONCLUSION:

The use of herbal products in the aspects of dentistry has the potential to preventative or treatment therapies for oral diseases. Plant extracts has the potential to act as prophylaxis or treatment therapies for various plaque-related diseases, dental caries, periodontal and teeth diseases Herbal drugs can be used for a long time; many people take phytomedicines now for their health care in different national health care condition.

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