ISSN 0974-3618 (Print) www.rjptonline.org
0974-360X (Online)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Assessment of Oral Hygiene Status in Smokers, Non
Smokers and Alcoholics
Affrin
J.H
BDS 1st Year, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals,
Chennai- 600083
*Corresponding Author E-mail:
ABSTRACT:
AIM: The aim of the study is to assess the oral
hygiene status in smokers, non smokers and alcoholics.
OBJECTIVE: The hard tissue and soft tissue status
will be assessed in three groups
Group 1: smokers who do not consume alcohol
Group 2: alcoholics without any smoking habits
Group 3: smokers and alcohol
Group 4: patients with no habits (non smokers and non
alcoholic patients.
METHOD: This study includes 150 individuals.
Periodontal status and tooth status will be recorded. Statistical analysis will
be performed.
BACKGROUND: Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping
the mouth and teeth clean to prevent dental problems, most commonly, dental
cavities, gingivitis, and bad breath. Smoking and chewing are both are strongly
linked with multiple dental diseases. Maintaining good oral hygiene is one of
the most important things one can do for their teeth and gums.
REASON: Smoking has been identified as one of the
predictive variables for response in periodontal therapy. Smoking has been considered
as a significant risk factor for implant patients. Wound healing is delayed in
smokers compared to non smokers. Thus smokers demonstrate poor oral hygiene
compared to a normal person.
INTRODUCTION:
Oral cavity is an important
part of the body and it plays a crucial role in chewing, swallowing, and in
forming facial expression as well as maintaining nutritional status, system
health and self esteem[1].Alcoholism and smoking are the top causes of
mortality at present scenario. Smoking and consuming alcohol may lead to health
problems when used alone or together[2]. The link between alcohol and tobacco
has important implications like multiple cancer, lung diseases, heart diseases.
alcohol and smoking can affect the ability to eat, speak, taste, and
swallow[3]. Tobacco and alcohol carry a significant risk of physical and
psychological addiction.
The majorities of individuals
who fall prey to cancer are males who abuse both alcohol and tobacco. Smoking
is a major killer. Not only does it take time off life, but it also cause 100's
of problems with our body. Alcohol and smoking should be banned throughout the
country. They’re both very harmful to our own body and deadly to others around.
Even though they’re not considered a drug, they cause just as much trouble.
Anyone who smokes and consumes alcohol should be aware of the dangers these
habits possess. Since people who smoke and consume alcohol can easily become
addicted to the nicotine in tobacco and to alcohol, it is best they know what
they are getting themselves into before they start smoking or drinking. Alcohol
can also affect behavior and make a drinker violent. Thus the patients should
be educated well about the adverse effect of smoking and alcoholism in order to
maintain good healthy status. Smoking an average of 1.5 packs per day gives a
radiation dose of 60-160 mSv/year, [[4].Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and
14.5 years of life, respectively.[5]Oral
hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth and teeth clean to
prevent dental problems, most commonly, dental cavities, gingivitis, and bad
breath. Smoking and chewing are both are strongly linked with multiple dental
diseases. Smoking may be a predisposing factor in the development of gingival
problems[6].
MATERIALS
AND METHOD:
This study included of 100
individuals. The study was based on assessment of oral hygiene status in
smokers, non smokers and alcoholic patients. The study was carried in Saveetha Dental
College and Hospital. The patient who visited the dental clinic for treatment
were considered as the subject. The data's were collect by questionnaire
composed of name of the patient, age, sex, oral hygiene habits, socio economic
status, frequency of smoking or consuming alcohol, group, number of decayed
tooth, presence of debris, calculus, gingivitis, periodontitis. For the
assessment diagnostic materials like mouth mirror, tweezer, explorer, William's
probe were used. The subject were divided into four groups - smokers who do not
consume alcohol, alcoholics without any smoking habits, smokers and alcoholic,
patients without any habits. The data was analysed by SPSS software and chi square
test was done.
RESULTS:
Decay * smokers
or alcoholic or both
|
|
|
SMOKERS OR ALCOHOLIC OR BOTH
|
Total
|
|
alcoholic
|
both
|
nil
|
smoker
|
|
DECAY
|
-
|
N
|
9
|
10
|
6
|
14
|
39
|
|
%
|
37.5%
|
45.5%
|
31.6%
|
40.0%
|
39.0%
|
|
1
|
N
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
18
|
|
%
|
12.5%
|
18.2%
|
26.3%
|
17.1%
|
18.0%
|
|
2
|
N
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
5
|
|
%
|
.0%
|
4.5%
|
5.3%
|
8.6%
|
5.0%
|
|
3
|
N
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
3
|
9
|
|
%
|
8.3%
|
4.5%
|
15.8%
|
8.6%
|
9.0%
|
|
4
|
N
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
3
|
6
|
|
%
|
8.3%
|
.0%
|
5.3%
|
8.6%
|
6.0%
|
|
5
|
N
|
5
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
12
|
|
%
|
20.8%
|
9.1%
|
10.5%
|
8.6%
|
12.0%
|
|
6
|
N
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
|
%
|
4.2%
|
13.6%
|
5.3%
|
2.9%
|
6.0%
|
|
7
|
N
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
|
%
|
4.2%
|
.0%
|
.0%
|
2.9%
|
2.0%
|
|
8
|
N
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
|
%
|
.0%
|
.0%
|
.0%
|
2.9%
|
1.0%
|
|
9
|
N
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
|
%
|
4.2%
|
4.5%
|
.0%
|
.0%
|
2.0%
|
|
Total
|
N
|
24
|
22
|
19
|
35
|
100
|
|
%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
Chi-Square Tests
|
|
Value
|
Level of significance
|
|
Pearson
Chi-Square
|
17.881
|
Not significant
|
Debris* smokers
or alcoholic or both
|
|
|
SMOKERS OR ALCOHOLIC OR BOTH
|
Total
|
|
alcoholic
|
both
|
nil
|
smoker
|
|
DEBRIS
|
-
|
N
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
7
|
10
|
|
%
|
4.2%
|
4.5%
|
5.3%
|
20.0%
|
10.0%
|
|
mild
|
N
|
18
|
15
|
15
|
18
|
66
|
|
%
|
75.0%
|
68.2%
|
78.9%
|
51.4%
|
66.0%
|
|
moderate
|
N
|
3
|
5
|
3
|
7
|
18
|
|
%
|
12.5%
|
22.7%
|
15.8%
|
20.0%
|
18.0%
|
|
severe
|
N
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
3
|
6
|
|
%
|
8.3%
|
4.5%
|
.0%
|
8.6%
|
6.0%
|
|
Total
|
N
|
24
|
22
|
19
|
35
|
100
|
|
%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
Chi-Square Tests
|
|
Value
|
Level of significance
|
|
Pearson
Chi-Square
|
9.943
|
Not significant
|
Calculus
* smokers or alcoholic or both
|
|
|
SMOKERS OR ALCOHOLIC OR BOTH
|
Total
|
|
alcoholic
|
both
|
nil
|
smoker
|
|
CALCULUS
|
-
|
N
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
9
|
14
|
|
%
|
8.3%
|
9.1%
|
5.3%
|
25.7%
|
14.0%
|
|
mild
|
N
|
14
|
14
|
12
|
13
|
53
|
|
%
|
58.3%
|
63.6%
|
63.2%
|
37.1%
|
53.0%
|
|
moderate
|
N
|
6
|
4
|
6
|
10
|
26
|
|
%
|
25.0%
|
18.2%
|
31.6%
|
28.6%
|
26.0%
|
|
severe
|
N
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
3
|
7
|
|
%
|
8.3%
|
9.1%
|
.0%
|
8.6%
|
7.0%
|
|
Total
|
N
|
24
|
22
|
19
|
35
|
100
|
|
%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
Chi-Square Tests
|
|
Value
|
Level of significance
|
|
Pearson
Chi-Square
|
10.519
|
Not significant
|
Gingivitis
* smokers or alcoholic or both
|
|
|
SMOKERS OR ALCOHOLIC OR BOTH
|
Total
|
|
alcoholic
|
both
|
nil
|
smoker
|
|
GINGIVITIS
|
-
|
N
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
2
|
4
|
|
%
|
4.2%
|
.0%
|
5.3%
|
5.7%
|
4.0%
|
|
mild
|
N
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|
%
|
.0%
|
.0%
|
5.3%
|
2.9%
|
2.0%
|
|
moderate
|
N
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
6
|
|
%
|
8.3%
|
9.1%
|
.0%
|
5.7%
|
6.0%
|
|
severe
|
N
|
21
|
20
|
17
|
30
|
88
|
|
%
|
87.5%
|
90.9%
|
89.5%
|
85.7%
|
88.0%
|
|
Total
|
N
|
24
|
22
|
19
|
35
|
100
|
|
%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
Chi-Square Tests
|
|
Value
|
Level of significance
|
|
Pearson
Chi-Square
|
5.035
|
Not significant
|
|
|
|
|
Periodontitis
* smokers or alcoholic or both
|
|
|
SMOKERS OR ALCOHOLIC OR BOTH
|
Total
|
|
alcoholic
|
both
|
nil
|
smoker
|
|
PERIODONTITIS
|
-
|
N
|
11
|
8
|
12
|
8
|
39
|
|
%
|
45.8%
|
36.4%
|
63.2%
|
22.9%
|
39.0%
|
|
mild
|
N
|
5
|
0
|
1
|
4
|
10
|
|
%
|
20.8%
|
.0%
|
5.3%
|
11.4%
|
10.0%
|
|
moderate
|
N
|
3
|
1
|
0
|
3
|
7
|
|
%
|
12.5%
|
4.5%
|
.0%
|
8.6%
|
7.0%
|
|
severe
|
N
|
5
|
13
|
6
|
20
|
44
|
|
%
|
20.8%
|
59.1%
|
31.6%
|
57.1%
|
44.0%
|
|
Total
|
N
|
24
|
22
|
19
|
35
|
100
|
|
%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
100.0%
|
Chi-Square Tests
|
|
Value
|
Level of significance
|
|
Pearson
Chi-Square
|
19.809
|
p<0.05
|
Discussion
of results:
P
value is 17.881 >.05.Hence it can be concluded that the cross table of
smokers or alcoholics or both for decay is not significant.
P
value is found to be 9.943>.05. Hence it can be concluded that the cross
table of smokers or alcoholics or both for debris is not significant.
P
value is found to be 10.519>.05. Hence it can be concluded that the cross
table of smokers or alcoholics or both for calculus is not significant.
P
value is found to be 5.035>.05. Hence it can be concluded that the cross
table of smokers or alcoholics or both for gingivitis is not significant.
P
value Is found to be 19.809. Hence it can be concluded that the cross table of
smokers or alcoholics or both for periodontitis is significant.
DISCUSSION:
Since, the
results turned out to be non significant for most of the cases. For eg, in the
case of calculus the p value was around 9.435 which is far away from the value
for significance. Similarly for gingivitis the value was around 5.035 which
again explains the non significances of alcoholism and smoking on gingivitis.
Coming to decay we found that the p value was around 17.881 which again showed
the non significance of decay towards smoking and alcoholism. Hence from this
study it can be concluded that alcoholism or smoking does not have much effect
when in limits on the oral cavity. However the p value for periodontitis alone
was found to be less than 0.05, indicates its significance towards smoking and
alcoholism. The result that was obtained was completely unexpected because in
several studies conducted it was found that smoking and alcoholism on prolonged
usage had an effect on oral cavity. Hence to come to a correct conclusion
several more studies done on a larger population involving both addicts and
average users has to be conducted.
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1.
Wojciech Skorupka et al. "Assessment of
oral hygiene in adults ", Cent. Eur J Public Health 2012; 20(3):233-236
2.
Shanu Mishea et al. "Tobacco: it's
historical, cultural, oral and periodontal health association, Journal of International
Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry Jan -Jun 2013:3(1):12-18
3.
Adriana de Fatima vas conceals pererira,
effects of cigarettes smoking on oral hygiene status, Journal of Dental Science,
Oct 2013
4.
Mohammed Nadeem, association between smoking
and intra oral distribution of dental plaque pattern in Pakistan population
5.
curtails factor in health and oral Heath, National
Academy of Dentistry
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Abdoul Hussein Madani, interaction of alcohol
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Risk Behaviour Addict, 2014 March 11.