Phytochemical
profiling of the leaves of Chenopodium and Polygonum using GC-MS
Vinod Kumar, Anket Sharma,
Harpreet Kaur, Ashwani Kumar Thukral, Renu Bhardwaj*
Department of Botanical and
Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 Punjab,
India
*Corresponding Author E-mail: renubhardwaj82@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The
aim of this study to screen the various phytochemicals present in the
methanolic extracts of the oven dried leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Chenopodium
album, Polygonum barbatum and Polygonum lanigerum using GC-MS. The
major compound present in C. ambrosioides
is ergosta-7, 2, 2-dien-3-ol, (3beta, 22 E). In C. album the major compound
detected are naphthalene, decahydro-1, 1,
4a-trimethyl-6-methylene-5-(3-methylene-4-pentenyl)-[4aS-(4a alpha, 5alpha,
8abeta)]. Pentamethylmelamine is the major compound present in the P. barbatum. Stigmast-5-en-3-ol,
(3beta)-24 beta-ethyl-5-delta-cholesten-3 beta-ol is the major compound found
in P. lanigerum.
KEYWORDS: River Beas, GC-MS, chenopodiaceae, polygonaceae.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Plants contain a variety of chemical
compounds such as steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavones, phenols etc. and
are responsible for many therapeutic properties and pharmacological actions1.
Plants also contain many phytopharaceuticals which have many applications in
the field of agriculture, human and veterinary medicine. Natural products play
important role in the drug developments used in the treatment and prevention of
disease2. C. album belongs
to the family chenopodiaceae and has been used for food and has medicinal
importance such as anthelmintic, laxative, diuretic and tonic3. C. ambrosioides also belongs to the family
chenopodiaceae and is used as anthelminthic. The oil of chenopodium is used in
the treatment of amoebic dysentery. P.
barbatum belongs to family polygonaceae and is used in the treatment of
pain, fever and inflammatory conditions, and also acts as a diuretic agent4.
P. lanigerum is used for the
treatment of atherosclerosis, hypertension and dermatitis.
Previous studies on phytochemicals
profiling has been reported in many plants such as Brassica juncea, Cleistanthus collinus, Calotropis gigantean, Nervilia
aragoana, Stylosanthes fruticosa etc.5-9. The present study was
designed to assess the various phytochemicals present in the plants P. barbatum, P. lanigerum, C. ambrosioides and
C. album.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection
and processing of plant materials
Plant samples were collected from the river
bed of river Beas from the Beas town (Punjab, India). Identification and
authentication of plants were done from the Botanical Survey of India,
Dehradun. From 1 g of oven dried leaves of each plant species, 100 ml
methanolic extract was prepared and dried in the rotary vacuum evaporator. To
the dried extract, 4 ml of methanol was added which was used for the analysis
of phytochemicals. 2 µl of sample was injected into the system.
GC-MS
analysis:
Using Shimadzu GC-MS QP2010 Plus, the
phytochemical profiling of methanolic extracts of plants was carried out.
Carrier gas used was helium.
Table 1 Compounds present in the leaves
methanolic extracts of Chenopodium using
GC-MS
|
|
C.
ambrosioides |
|
|
|
S.No. |
Name of compound |
Rt. Time |
Area% |
|
1 |
Phenol,
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-Carvacrol |
9.298 |
2.87 |
|
2 |
Alpha-iso-methyl
ionone |
9.431 |
7.25 |
|
3 |
4-(1H)-Isobenzofuranone,
hexahydro-3a, 7a-dimethyl-cis-(+/-) |
10.99 |
2.29 |
|
4 |
Morpholine,4-(1-cyclopenten-1-yl)-1-Morpholino-1
cyclopentene |
14.91 |
0.92 |
|
5 |
Phenol,
4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-p-tert-Butylphenol
|
15.01 |
2.31 |
|
6 |
Nonyl-phenol
mix of isomers |
15.11 |
3.89 |
|
7 |
Phenol,
nonyl-Nonylphenol |
15.2 |
2.36 |
|
8 |
Cyclopropanecarboxylic
acid,
3-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-butenyl)-2-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyclopentene |
15.41 |
0.63 |
|
9 |
Ethyltetramethylcyclopentadiene
|
15.52 |
2.58 |
|
10 |
Tricyclo[7.2.0.0(2,6)]undecan-5-ol,2,6,10,10-tetramethyl-
(isomer 3) |
16.2 |
0.87 |
|
11 |
Benzenepropanoic acid,
3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester |
17.43 |
18.75 |
|
12 |
Palmitic
acid |
17.92 |
10.02 |
|
13 |
Ergost-5-en-3-ol,
22, 23-dimethyl-(3beta) |
19.56 |
3.19 |
|
14 |
Hexadecanoic
acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester |
22.52 |
8.33 |
|
15 |
1-Alpha-18O-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
|
24.82 |
1.42 |
|
16 |
Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol,
(3beta, 22E) |
34.05 |
23.59 |
|
17 |
Beta-Sitosterol
|
35.11 |
5.92 |
|
18 |
Cholesta-7,
24-dien-3-ol, (3beta, 5 alpha) |
35.32 |
2.81 |
|
|
C. album |
|
|
|
1 |
Phenylalanine |
14.716 |
3.2 |
|
2 |
Nonylphenol
isomer |
14.892 |
0.67 |
|
3 |
Hexestrol
|
14.988 |
2.46 |
|
4 |
Phenol,
nonyl-Nonylphenol |
15.092 |
3.06 |
|
5 |
Dodecyl-phenol mix of isomers |
15.186 |
2.18 |
|
6 |
Phenol,
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-Carvacrol |
15.3 |
0.28 |
|
7 |
Cyclopropanecarboxylic
acid,
3-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-butenyl)-2-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyclopenten |
15.393 |
0.59 |
|
8 |
Phenol,
4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)- p-tert-Butylphenol
|
15.503 |
2.1 |
|
9 |
1,2-Epoxy-1,2,5,9,9-Pentamethylspiro(3,5)non-5-ene
|
15.589 |
2.13 |
|
10 |
Pluchidiol
|
15.718 |
2.05 |
|
11 |
Tricyclo[7.2.0.0E2,6]undecan-5-ol,2,6,10,10-tetramethyl-
(isomer3) |
16.181 |
0.46 |
|
12 |
Benzothiazole,
2-(2-hydroxyethylthio) |
17.054 |
2.75 |
|
13 |
Benzenepropanoic acid,
3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester |
17.416 |
15.63 |
|
14 |
Palmitic
acid |
17.976 |
15.11 |
|
15 |
Ergost-5-en-3-ol,
22, 23-dimethyl-(3beta) |
19.065 |
0.73 |
|
16 |
Linoleic
acid |
19.302 |
4.61 |
|
17 |
Gamma-Sitosterol |
34.161 |
4.82 |
|
18 |
Naphthalene,decahydro-1,1,4a-trimethyl-6-methylene-5-(3-methylene-4-pentenyl)-[4aS-(4a
alpha, 5alpha, 8abeta)] |
37.994 |
32.06 |
|
19 |
Taraxasterol
|
38.792 |
5.11 |
Initially the column oven temperature was
set at 70oC and held for 5 minutes, then increased to 250oC
at 10oC per minute and held for 10 minutes, temperature was
increased to 300oC at 10oC per minute and held for
another 10 minutes. The instrument specifications were injection temperature:
280oC, pressure: 110.8 kPa, sampling time: 1 minute, flow control
mode: linear, total flow: 38.9 ml/min, injection mode: splitless, column flow:
1.71 ml/min, linear velocity: 47.9 cm/sec, purge flow: 3 ml/min, sample
injection volume: 2 µl, ion source temperature: 250oC, interface
temperature: 290oC, solvent cut time: 3.5 minute and detector gain
mode: relative. DB-5 ms analytical column with 30 m length and 0.025 mm id was
used.
All the compounds which were detected in
samples were identified by comparing mass spectra with National Institute of
Standard and Technology (NIST08s) and Wiley 7 library.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Table 1-2 shows the various
phytochemicals present in the methanolic extracts of the leaves of P. barbatum, P. lanigerum, C. ambrosioides
and C. album. A total of 18, 19, 20
and 26 phytochemicals were detected in C.
ambrosioides, C. album, P. barbatum and P.
lanigerum. The major compounds found in C.
ambrosioides were benzenepropanoic acid, 3, 5-bis (1,
1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester (18.75%), palmitic acid (10.02%) and
ergosta-7, 22-dien-3-ol, (3beta, 22E) (23.59%). In C. album, the major compounds detected were benzenepropanoic acid,
3, 5-bis (1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester (15.63%), palmitic acid
(15.11%) and naphthalene, decahydro-1, 1,
4a-trimethyl-6-methylene-5-(3-methylene-4-pentenyl)-[4aS-(4a alpha, 5alpha,
8abeta.)] (32.06%).
Table 2 Compounds present in the leaves
methanolic extracts of Polygonum
using GC-MS
|
|
P.
barbatum |
|
|
|
S.No. |
Name of compound |
Rt. Time |
Area% |
|
1 |
1,2-Benzenediol
pyrocatechol |
7.684 |
3.21 |
|
2 |
8-Tetradecyn-1-ol |
9.408 |
0.44 |
|
3 |
2-Propenoic
acid, 3-phenyl-methyl ester cinnamic acid methyl ester |
10.508 |
0.51 |
|
4 |
Ethanone,
1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) |
15.546 |
4.35 |
|
5 |
Benzenepropanoic acid,
3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester |
17.418 |
4.43 |
|
6 |
Palmitic
acid |
17.928 |
3.68 |
|
7 |
2-(4-Methylphenyl)benzoic
acid |
21.619 |
6.83 |
|
8 |
Ethyl
2-(2-phenylethylthio)benzoate |
21.839 |
6.67 |
|
9 |
7-Phenylbicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene |
21.967 |
4.82 |
|
10 |
Hexadecanoic
acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester |
22.527 |
2.47 |
|
11 |
Pentamethylmelamine
|
23.232 |
30.75 |
|
12 |
Wogonin
|
23.972 |
1.95 |
|
13 |
(E)-2-hydroxy-4'-methoxystilbene
|
24.833 |
3.2 |
|
14 |
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one,5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-5-Hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone
|
25.495 |
7.12 |
|
15 |
Carbonic
acid, allyl pentadecyl ester |
28.97 |
1.51 |
|
16 |
Vitamin
E |
30.221 |
0.94 |
|
17 |
Stigmasterol
|
32.838 |
3.85 |
|
18 |
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol,(3beta)-24beta-ethy-5delta-cholesten-3
beta-ol |
34.233 |
8.34 |
|
19 |
Naphthalene,
decahydro-1, 1, 4a-trimethyl-6-methylene-5-(3-methylene-4-pentenyl)-[4aS-(4a
alpha, 5alpha,8a beta)] |
37.959 |
3.56 |
|
20 |
Decahydro-8a-ethyl-1,1,4a,6-tetramethylnaphthalene |
38.165 |
1.36 |
|
|
P. lanigerum |
|
|
|
1 |
Beta-n-butylthiophan
|
5.866 |
3.63 |
|
2 |
Beta-Eucaine
|
7.766 |
1.5 |
|
3 |
8-Methyl-alpha-ionone
|
9.407 |
2.3 |
|
4 |
Neocurdione
|
13.086 |
0.45 |
|
5 |
Morpholine,4-(1-cyclopenten-1-yl)-1-Morpholino-cyclopentene
|
14.889 |
0.4 |
|
6 |
Hexestrol
|
14.984 |
1.55 |
|
7 |
Nonyl-phenol
mix of isomers |
15.089 |
1.16 |
|
8 |
Phenol,
nonyl- Nonylphenol |
15.18 |
1.93 |
|
9 |
(-)-Loliolide
|
15.296 |
0.77 |
|
10 |
Cyclopropanecarboxylic
acid, 3-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-butenyl)-2-methyl-4-oxo-2-cyclopenten |
15.389 |
0.48 |
|
11 |
Phenol,
2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-Carvacrol |
15.498 |
1.43 |
|
12 |
1,2-Epoxy-1,2,5,9,9-Pentamethyl-spiro(3,5)non-5-ene |
15.58 |
0.92 |
|
13 |
(E,1'RS,2'RS,3'SR)-4-(2',3'-epoxy-2',6',6'-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-methyl-3-buten-2-one
|
16.677 |
1.56 |
|
14 |
Benzenepropanoic acid,
3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester |
17.415 |
8.75 |
|
15 |
Undecanoic
acid, 4,8-dimethyl-10-oxo-methyl ester |
17.522 |
0.4 |
|
16 |
Palmitic
acid |
17.935 |
11.62 |
|
17 |
Acetic
acid, 2-(2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxa-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)-propenyl ester |
19.291 |
1.05 |
|
18 |
1-Naphthalenol,1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-4a,8-dimethyl-2-(2-propenyl)-
2,6-dimethyl-9(2propenyl)-10-hydroxyb |
19.529 |
14.11 |
|
19 |
Stearic
acid |
19.775 |
1.84 |
|
20 |
Tricosyl
pentafluoropropionate |
20.841 |
1.2 |
|
21 |
Eicosanoic
acid arachidic acid |
21.49 |
0.87 |
|
22 |
Hexadecanoic
acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester |
22.508 |
5.27 |
|
23 |
Vitamin
E |
30.199 |
1.85 |
|
24 |
Campesterol
|
31.936 |
3.32 |
|
25 |
Stigmasterol
|
32.795 |
5.8 |
|
26 |
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol,(3beta)-24beta-ethyl-5-delta-cholesten-3
beta-ol |
34.231 |
25.84 |
The major compounds found in P. barbatum were pentamethylmelamine
(30.75%),
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one,5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-5-Hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone
(7.12%) and stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3beta)-24beta-ethy-5delta-cholesten-3 beta-ol
(8.34%). In P. lanigerum the major
compounds detected were benzenepropanoic acid,
3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester (8.75%), palmitic acid
(11.62%) and 1-Naphthalenol,
1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-4a,8-dimethyl-2-(2-propenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-9(2propenyl)-10
hydroxyb (14.11%). Benzenepropanoic acid, 3, 5-bis (1,
1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester and palmitic acid are the major
compounds present in all the plant species studied.
4.
CONCLUSION:
In the present study 18, 19, 20 and 26
compounds were detected in the methanolic extracts of C. ambrosioides, C. album, P. barbatum and P. lanigerum. Palmitic acid and benzenepropanoic acid, 3, 5-bis (1,
1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester were the common compounds present in
all the plants.
5.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The authors are thankful to the Head,
Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, for providing research
facilities. VK is also thankful to
the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for providing the financial
assistance under the programme on university with potential for excellence.
6.
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Received on 23.09.2015 Modified on 08.10.2015
Accepted on 15.10.2015 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 8(12): Dec., 2015; Page 1629-1632
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00292.9