INTRODUCTION:
Nainital
is one of the most famous tourist destinies of Uttrakhand. It is well known as
the Lake District of Uttarakhand as a large number of lakes in the area are
found. The presence of more than a hundred lakes has been recorded up until the
nineteenth century. Our study concentrates on Naini lake and Bhimtal lake, the
most famous lakes among them. These two lakes are the most scenic lakes in
Uttrakhand. Nainital is one of the important District of Uttarakhand with high
altitude. The City of Nainital is the headquarter of Nainital Lake District and
Kumaon region. Nainital has been selected for its tourist importance. Nainital
city, located at an altitude of 1938 m is spread over an area of 11.73 sq km,
of which Naini Lake covers 0.54 sq km1. Nainital occupies a
unique place among the various hill towns in the state of Uttarakhand. Known
for its pleasant climate and scenic beauty, the town is a popular destination
in the northern tourist circuit. Nainital attracts thousands of tourists from
India and abroad.
SELECTION OF THE PROBLEM:
Nainital
and Bhimtal lakes are the two most important water bodies in District Nainital
in terms of both their environment importance and as a tourist attraction.
Nainital hills are unstable and many landslides have caused a huge amount of
damage in the past. The pollution of the lakes can be attributed to
urbanization and tourism activities. The major reasons for pollution of the
lakes are discharge of untreated waste water, disposal of solid wastes and silt
deposition. An analysis has been conducted to evaluate the present situation of
biodiversity in the lake system and linkages with the livelihood measures of
the local people. As a famous tourist place and the lakes being the centre of
attraction of the tourists the livelihood of the local people mostly depends on
these lakes, directly or indirectly. The survey began on 29th
October 2014. Basically the fishermen, the boatmen, the rickshaw pullers and
school children participated in the interaction session. These people have a
desperate need of lake related goods and services to enhance their income. The
selected aquatic resources Nainital and Bhimtal lakes have great economic
importance as the livelihood activities of the residents are somehow related
with the lake. This survey continued up to the 9th November 2014.
There were many focus Groups selected in each site such as Fishermen,
photographers, boatmen, restaurant owners, restaurant workers, farmers, street
vendors, hawkers, labors, teenagers. There was an elaborate discussion
regarding the various activities related with the lake, the importance of the
lakes in their lives, reasons behind the pollution of the lakes, the measures
undertaken for cleaning of the lakes, livelihood activities related with the
lakes, income change over the years and its reasons.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
The
study is focused in the Nainital lake system in Nainital district of
Uttarakhand, India. Naini Lake is the most important water body in Nainital in
terms of both environment and tourist attraction. It is also a recipient of
storm water for large catchments. The two lakes: Nainital, and
Bhimtal lake are polluted due to urbanization and tourism activities. Discharge
of untreated waste water, disposal of solid waste and silt deposition are the
major factors that cause pollution of the lakes. Previously this area was
plentiful in aquatic resources. The present situation is a puzzle; no
in‐depth and comprehensive study has been conducted to understand the
present status of biodiversity in the lake system and linkages with the
livelihood strategies of the local people. Based on the above‐mentioned
situation, the study was thus justified with specific objectives as follows:
OBJECTIVES:
•
To examine and
assess diversity of natural resources i.e. how varied or scarce are the various
species of animals and plants (Flora and Fauna) found in the lake.
•
To evaluate the
main factors that affects the highland aquatic resources.
•
To identify
different groups of stakeholders, their roles and association with the
available aquatic resources i.e. the people whose lives are dependent on the
lake to earn their living.
•
To recognize the
feasible livelihood development strategies of local inhabitants dependent on
these aquatic resources.
•
Proper
implementation and management of the formulated action plans.
Broadly we can say that the objective of the study is
to find out flora and fauna and the reasons for the deterioration of the lakes.
The strategies in which the lakes can be conserved and sustainable utilization
could be done without affecting the biodiversity of the area.
SITE SELECTION CRITERIA:
The Himalayas are abounding with high altitude aquatic
lands, which include rivers and associated floodplain marshes, swamps,
glaciated lakes, hot springs, seasonal waterlogged areas and manmade wetlands,
that play important role in hydrological cycle and regulation of water regimes
and livelihood of the local hill communities as well as those living in the
plains. These aquatic bodies are under threat due to degradation of catchments
and water diversion leading to changes in water regimes, associated
biodiversity and overall ecosystem services. In addition, impact of climate
change, which has severe implications on regional water resources, is also
there. Comprehensive assessments on the extent and current situation of high altitude
aquatic lands with respect to sustainable development within the Himalayan
region have not been undertaken. Under the current initiative, an attempt would
be made to assess the present situation of aquatic resources and conservation
needs towards sustainable development.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Nainital
has an important mythological reference as one of 64 ‘Shakti Peeths’.
These centers were created wherever parts of charred body of Sati (Goddess
Parvati) fell when Lord Shiva was carrying around her corpse in grief.
According to a legend, the left eye (Nain) of Sati dropped in the lake while
Lord Shiva was carrying her body to Kailash Parvat. Hence, the lake was given
the name of Nainital, from where the city derives its name. Naina Devi
is worshipped as the mother goddess of the town. Naina Devi temple is located
at the northern end of the lake. The temple was destroyed in a landslide, which
occurred in 1880. It was subsequently replaced by the present structure. The
British occupied Kumaon and Garhwal in 1815. In the year 1841, Mr. P. Barron a
European merchant and an enthusiastic hunter from Rosa, near Shahjahanpur was
the first European who took great fancy to this land. Nainital had become a
popular hill resort by 1847. The Nainital Municipal Board was formally
constituted in 1845. It was the second Municipal Board of North Western
Provinces. In 1862, Nainital became the summer seat (i.e. to avoid the
scorching heat of summer, the Government offices shifted temporarily to the
colder part of the country) of the North Western Provinces. The town also
became the summer seat of the Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) Government after
independence. After 1963 the summer exodus of the U.P. Government was stopped.
The Secretariat building is now being used by divisional and district offices.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
LOCATION
The lakes spread over a radius of 23 km with Nainital
at their centers, and are the main sites of attraction to tourists. There are
more than hundred of lakes present in Nainital. Among them few are already
dried up (we came to know this information by discussing with the local
people). Few lakes attract tourists more than others due to their scenic
beauty, easy accessibility and resource availability to becoming a tourists
place. These places become more important for income and livelihood generation
of the local people. The livelihood of the most of the people, specially
marginalized people living in the villages adjacent to these lakes are mostly
dependent on these lakes. These lakes have its importance in the
socio‐economic and cultural life of the people in the region. The
important lakes are Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiatal, Sattal, Garurtal and
Khurpatal. These lakes have varied uses from tourism, potable water,
irrigation, and to fisheries in some cases.
Nainital
is situated at a distance of 34 km from Kathgodam, the gateway of Kumaon and
the terminus of north eastern railway. According to the District Gazette
Nainital is located approximately in between 78080’and 80014’
east longitude and 29000’ and 29005’ north latitude2. It is located at 304 km
from Delhi, 360 km from Dehradun, the state capital and 388 km from Lucknow.
ECOLOGICAL STATUS
Ecologically
Nainital and Bhimtal are warm monomictic3 mestrophic lakes
with diverse fish populations. These lakes are alkaline in nature with a
moderate temperature ranging from 8.5 to 29.00C. The water is
congenial to sustaining fisheries of both indigenous and exotic varieties4.
PHYSIOGRAPHY
Nainital
lies in a valley of the Gagar range running east and west, which is bounded on
the north by the China Peak, which rises to a height of 2611.61 m, continued by
the Alma peak (presently known as Snow‐View) and the Sher Ka Danda to the
eastern extremity, where the ridge descends almost to the level of the lake.
Geographically the district is divided into two zones; Hilly and Bhabar. The
hilly region in outer Himalayas is known to geologists as krol. (The krol group
of rocks, comprising slates, marls, sandstones, limestones and dolomites with a
few small dykes, is the dominant formation of the lake’s surroundings). The
highest peak of the district is Baudhansthali 2,623 m high near Binayak
adjoining Nainital town. The hilly region of the district has many lakes.
Bhimtal, Sattal, Naukuchiatal, Khurpatal, Nainital, Malwatal, Harishtal and
Lokhamtal are some of the bigger lakes of the district. The foothill area of
the district is known as Bhabhar. The name Bhabhar is derived from a tall grass
growing in the region. The underground water level is very deep in this region.
Kosi is the main river of the district. River Kosi arising out of Koshimool
near Kausani flows on the western side of the district. There are number of
smaller rivulets like Gaula, Bhakra, Dabka and Baur.
Nainital is
situated mainly on the slopes of hills which are surrounding Nainital Lake
spread over 53.64 ha. The Sher Ka Danda and Naina Peak in the north, spread
from west to east slope towards south i.e. in the direction of the lake. In the
west is Chorkhet and Babuliya village and in the south are Raj Bhavan and
Ayarpatta, hill ranges all sloping towards the lake. A stream named Baliya
Gadhera flows in the east which carries the surplus water of the lake. These
hills are unstable and many landslides have caused havoc in the past. New
construction is prohibited in most of the hills yet unauthorized commercial as
well as domestic construction are undertaken which is damaging to the natural drainage
system as well as the stability of the slopes. The regulation of new
construction is important as the important ecosystem services are being lost
and steps should be taken to stop any kind of unauthorized construction.
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION:
MORPHOLOGY OF LAKES
The main morphometric features5 of
Nainital and Bhimtal lakes can be given as follows:
MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES
|
CHARACTERISTICS
|
NAINITAL
|
BHIMTAL
|
|
Altitude(m asl)
|
1937
|
1331
|
|
Longitude
|
79027’E
|
79036’E
|
|
Latitude
|
29023’N
|
29023’N
|
|
Length (m)
|
1432
|
1973
|
|
Width (m)
|
423
|
457
|
|
Max. Depth (m)
|
27.3 and 25.3
|
25.8
|
|
Mean Depth (m)
|
16.5
|
11.5
|
|
Surface area (ha)
|
48.0
|
85.0
|
|
Length Of Shoreline (m)
|
3630
|
4023
|
|
Catchment Area (km2 )
|
3.96
|
11.4
|
|
Shoreline Development
|
1.20
|
1.23
|
|
Rainfall (mm)
|
2030
|
2143
|
Source: Ecological modeling and Fishery Enhancement in
Lakes/wetlands of Himalayan/Sub‐Himalayan region
CLIMATE
Nainital,
because of its location, is colder than the rest of the hilly area of Kumaon
region. During the monsoon season, it receives heavy rainfall. The neighboring
areas of Almora and Ranikhet are comparatively warmer than Nainital. The
monthly maximum and minimum temperatures in the town range between 280C
and 70C. The rainy season arrives earlier than in the plains and
continues up to the end of September. The heaviest rainfall is observed on the
outer slopes of the hills. Average annual rainfall in Nainital is 2583.3 mm.
Maximum rainfall occurs normally in the months of July and August which
accounts for nearly 50% of the total of annual rainfall. During winter, very
low temperatures are encountered because of rainfall.
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
While
the Nainital district where the lake is situated (in the middle Himalayan
ranges up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), a temperate zone), is rich in flora (typical
temperate climate plants) and fauna, the details of the flora (FLORA Plate-1)
and fauna specific to the lake and its surroundings recorded are the following
.
The
trees and bushes grown in the region (lake’s basin) with their botanical and
common Indian names (in parenthesis) are reported to be:6a) Quercus incana {Oak (Banj)}; b) Aesculus indica (Pangar or Horse chestnuts);
c) Juglans regia (Akhrot or
walnut), d) Populous ciliata (Hill Pipal, a sacred tree); e) Fraxinus miscreant ha (Ash tree
or Angu); f) Platanus orientalis (Chinar); g) Rubus lasiocarpus (Hisalu); h) Rosa moschata (Kunj or Musk rose);
i) Berberis asiatica (Kilmora)) Cupressus torulosa (Surai or Himalayan cypress); k) Rhododendron arboreum (Buruns); Cedrus
deodara (Deodar);
l) Salix acmophylla (Weeping Willow);
and m) Pinus (Pine).
The hilly region is covered with Sal, Pine, Oak, Buruns, and Kafal and other
trees growing unto 6000 ft. along with Deodar, Surai at higher altitudes. There
are small tracts of cultivated lands and fruit orchards in between the forests
in this region. The Bhabhar region has Babul, Kikar in abundance besides sal,
Khair, Shisham as big trees. The Bhabhar grass and lantana form the
undergrowth. These are considered to be the vegetation of dry and arid zones.
Haldu is also common in Bhabhar region. The aquatic flora comprises of Potamogeton
pectinatus, Potamogeton crispus, Polygonum glabrum,
Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum hydropiper (Water pepper) and Hydrilla
verticellata. Several species of medicinal flora and horticulture plants
have also been reported.
MEDICINAL FLORA
Many
Medicinal plants grow in the deep valleys of hills. In the middle Himalayan
range we find Daruharidra (Berberis aristata)7, Timoor
(Zanthoxylum armatum), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia),Sugandhabala
(Pavonia odorata ), Samayava, Manduparna, Dhooplakkar, Talish (Trifolium
tumens), Devdaru (Cedrus deodara ), Padam (Nelumbo nucifera),
Vidhangabhed, Kakoli (Roscoea procera), Ksheerkakoli (Roscoea
sp.)8, Lahsuniya and so many other plants. The Himalayan
range9 has the potential to grow plants like Saffron,
Vindhanga, and Ghritkumari and so on. Many of these plants have a great
commercial importance. These are widely used in indigenous system of medicines
like Ayurveda, Yunani, Aamchi (Tibetan System) for skin diseases, stomach
disorder, nervous disability, liver diseases. Many of these are used in heart
and brain tonics. Some are blood purifiers and strengthen immunity. At present
crores (1 crore = 10 Million) of this herbal raw material is supplied to
Haldwani, Ramnagar, Dehradun and other mandis of plains. Bheshaj Sanghs and
Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam (K.M.V.N.) is enterprises of government of
Uttarakhand which have the official authority to collect these medicines.
BIODIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY AND FARMING SYSTEM
In
Nainital area, the main crops include rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potato,
ginger, onion, garlic and pea. There are various kinds of vegetables and fruits
including orange, lemon, peach, plum, grape, banana, akhrot, pears, apricot,
citrus fruits, kafal, strawberry and different species of medicinal plants are
also there. In the middle Himalayan range we find Daruharidra (Berberis aristata)13,
Timoor (Zanthoxylum armatum), Manjishtha (Rubia cordifolia),
Sugandhabala (Pavonia odorata ), Samayava, Manduparna,
Dhooplakkar, Talish (Trifolium tumens), Devdaru (Cedrus deodara
), Padam (Nelumbo nucifera), Vidhangabhed, Kakoli (Roscoea procera),
Ksheerkakoli (Roscoea sp.)14, Lahsuniya and many other
plants which mostly grow naturally. This range has the potential to grow plants
like Saffron, Vindhanga, and Ghritkumari (Alovera) and so on. The
main animals include cow, buffalo, pig, chicken, duck etc. Chemical fertilizers
and manures both are used by the farmers to enrich the quality of the crops
grown by them. The crops mostly depend on the rain but in some areas
agriculture is done by irrigation, and the source of that water is lakes.
Molluscs
|
1
|
Bellamya bengalensis
|
|
|
2
|
Bellamya
dissimilis
|
|
|
3
|
Pila globosa
|
|
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
Ecosystem
Services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. The human economy
depends upon the services provided free by ecosystems. The ecosystem services
supplied annually are worth many crores of rupees. Even the very existence of
the environment provides benefits to the society which is known as the
non‐use value of the environment. The natural environment supports life
on our planet earth. Economic development which leads to clearing of forests
for infrastructural development, agricultural purpose’s and over utilisation of
environmental resources destroys habitats and impairs services which can create
costs to humanity over the long term that may greatly exceed the
short‐term economic benefits of the development. These costs include
imbalances in the carbon cycle, melting of the glaciers due to global warming
and green house effect (a result of deforestation and excessive pollution) are
generally hidden from traditional economic accounting, but are however real and
are usually borne by society at large.
TOURISM
Nainital
is a known destination in the northern part of India. The beauty of Nainital
Lake surrounded by hills, lush green forest areas and its rich cultural
heritage attracts tourists. There has been a steady growth in the number of
tourists arriving in Nainital. During the year, tourist influx is reported to
be the highest in the months of May and June, and includes both domestic as
well as international tourists. Tourism has negative as well as positive
impacts on mountain environment. With tourism there is destruction of forests
for energy, fauna due to poaching and grazing lands due to camping activities.
It leads to various kinds of pollution like air, water and noise pollution. Tourism
gives way to throwaway mentality, congestion and hygiene problems etc. these
were a few negative impacts. The positive effects of tourism being
encouragement of ecological awareness, conservation measures, measures to hold
pollution etc; creation of job opportunities for unskilled, semiskilled and
skilled workers; improvement in infrastructure, local arts and crafts, regional
development and standard of living.
Occupation
Data
on occupation shows that 32% of the workers are in gainful employment. 5.0% are
unemployed, 39% are students, and 24% are housewives.
Table 1: Occupation
by Age
|
Category*
|
Age group (in years)
|
|
<18
|
18-24
|
25-44
|
45-59
|
60+
|
Total
|
|
Working
|
1.0
|
11.4
|
47.0
|
68.1
|
15.0
|
31.6
|
|
Unemployed
|
1.0
|
8.6
|
2.7
|
1.4
|
45.0
|
5.1
|
|
Student
|
98.1
|
71.4
|
6.7
|
-
|
-
|
38.9
|
|
Housewife
|
--
|
8.6
|
43.6
|
30.6
|
40.0
|
24.4
|
*All
data is at approximate (As per talks with local residents)
Natural resource
dependence and Livelihoods
On
one side of the Naini Lake runs the Mall road now named Govind Ballabh Pant
Marg. Along the way there are many hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, shops,
banks and other business concerns. This road is the main link joining Mallital
and Tallital. On the other side of the lake lies the Thandi
Road. It is comparatively less busy and have Pashan Devi temple. Vehicles are
not allowed on Thandi Road. At the northern side of the lake there is a place
of gathering for people from all walks of life. Here evenings are heavily
crowded. There is a statue of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant and a beautiful fountain.
There is a bandstand. The Flats has a playing ground used for sports games and
cultural activities during festivals. There is Chat Bazar, Bhotia Market in the
flats. In Bhotia Market, vendors sell their fancy items mainly woolen goods.
There is Mosque, Gurudwara and Naina Devi temple in flatts. Capitol cinema and
Rink theatre which is used for roller skating are also situated in Flatts. A
portion of the flatts is used for car parking. New club, Boat House club,
Masonic Hall is in the periphery of the flatts for recreation. Both Tallital
and Mallital and the areas around the Bhimtal and Naukuchiatal have well laid
out shopping centers, with beautifully laid of marts, stores, luxury shops and
many Hotels and Restaurants.
LIVELIHOODS
The main livelihood
strategies observed in Nainital are –
Boating:
Nainital is also known
as 'Lake Paradise'. In its beautiful 'lakes ', option of boating through
yachts, paddle boats and traditional rowing boats are available. The main
occupation of the people surrounding the lake is boating. Many of them have
their own boats, and some worked as boatman on others boat. Boating rates in
conventional rowing boats ranges from Rs. 300 to Rs. 400 in
peak season days from one end of lake to another end. Paddling boats are
available on hourly rate from Rs. 200 to Rs. 250 depending on type of paddle
boat and tourist rush.
SHOP AND HOTEL
BUSINESS
There
are many shops, hotels and restaurants surrounding the lakes of Nainital. Many
people have their own shops and many works in the big shops and in the Hotels
and Restaurants.
AGRICULTURE
In
villages’ Chanoti and Pandeygaon agriculture is one of the main occupations of
the people and they depend on lake water for irrigation through canals. There
is a systematic way of obtaining water over here. People have to place demands
in the irrigation department, if they require water on a particular day they
have to give requirement before hand as water supply is not regular in the
villages and the irrigation department informs the people regarding the days on
which it will supply water.
HORSE RIDING
Horse
riding is another important attraction for tourists in Nainital. Horses can be
hired at Barapatthar. Several tourist use horses as their transport mode to
visit the different peaks of Nainital. In Bhimtal tourists rides on Horses for
fun and entertainment. Horse riding is now strictly prohibited inside the
Nainital town. Some people have taken horse riding as means of livelihood.
PARAGLIDING
Nainital
is one of the famous destiny for paragliding. Naukuchiyatal is best place for.
OTHER OCCUPATIONS
There are people from
other occupation too. Porter, Rickshaw puller, Cobbler, Barber, Priests,
photographers, shop owners are some of them. The research team also encountered
teachers, army men; clerks’ etc. These people are indirectly dependent on the
lake.
RESOURCE
DEPENDENCE, ACCESS AND CONTROL
The
majority of the population are dependent on the lakes directly or indirectly to
earn their living. Household surveyed it was found that most of the livelihood
activities of the people are linked with the lakes. The lakes are important
natural resource for the community as it is used for boating, lake water is
used for irrigation purpose, fishing activities and drinking water is also
supplied by the virtue of the lakes. The irrigation department of Bhimtal
provides the boating licenses to the boatmen of Pandeygaon and Chanaoti
villages whereas boatmen of Nainital get their license from Nainital Nagar
Palika Parishad (NNPP). Water for irrigation is provided by the irrigation
department of Bhimtal to the farmers of Chanoti and Pandeygaon. Water supply of
Nainital is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS). These
local governing bodies mentioned above are embodied with the authority of
collecting water taxes and water charges for the respective villages. The
Nainital Nagar Palika Parishad is an important local governing body of Nainital
as it provides licenses for various other activities like fishing, rickshaw
driving, photography, restaurants, hotels, shops etc.
LAKE CONSERVATION
National
Lake Region Special Area Development Authority (NLRSADA) is the planning and
development authority for Nainital lake region area. It comprises of five
planning zones Nainital, Bhowali, Mehragaon (khas), Bhimtal (including sattal)
and Naukuchiatal. This authority shoulders the responsibility of preparing and
enforcing the development plans for lake conservation.
Under Nainital Lake Conservation Project, works have
been proposed in the following broad sectors:
•
Sewerage and sanitation
works
•
Restoration and
development works
•
Catchment
conservation works
•
Infrastructure
facilities
•
Social awareness
and participation plans.
STAKEHOLDER COMMITMENT TO the study
The important
stakeholders involved in aquatic resource were identified on the basis of the
Individual talks in the study area. They are –
1. Local residents
2. Shop owners and workers (Garment, Stationary, others)
3. Local vendors
4. Infrastructural Institutions (Municipality,
Educational Institutes, etc.)
5. Vehicle owners and Drivers
6. Boat owners and pullers
7. Horse owners and riders
8. Hotels and Restaurants owners and workers
9. Tourists
10. Tour agents
Identified
partners and stakeholders especially local peoples and local vendors
surrounding the lake want to work in a manner so that they have a descent
livelihood to support their family. In return, they will take care of the lake
and its surrounding environment. On survey it was observed that even within a
household different stakeholder groups were present and it was also found that
a person was involved in different profession in different seasons.
CONCLUSION:
Nainital
is really a beautiful place as surveyed by our team. It has a number of natural
scenic sites such as Naini Lake, Hills (Naina Peak, Tip and top etc.), Oak
Forests, Pinus forests, Snow view etc. Because of these natural sites Nainital
has become a very famous tourist destination. As being a tourist place,
Nainital is playing an important role in employment generation for local
residents as well for the people coming here for business purpose (Tibetian
market is quite famous for shawls, jackets sweaters and many other things).
Nainital is a twelve month tourist place especially in summer season so there
are continuous earnings of the people concerned with the employment. In
reference to the livelihoods of the local people, there are many ways of
earning money. Some important businesses of local residents are hotels and
restaurant, shops, tea and coffee stalls, Boating, horse riding, paragliding,
travel agencies, rikshawpulling, agriculture, selling of wood crafts, woolen
items. Numbers of government offices are also there providing opportunities of
jobs in different sectors.
On
the basis of our study, we conclude that the local people are getting a plenty
of earnings for their betterment but there is just need of an attention to
protect natural resources in Nainital.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
We are very much thankful to all members of
UGC-HRDC, Nainital, Kumaun University, Nainital for their support and help
during the Refresher course Life Sciences
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City
Development Plan Nainital revised under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission (JNNURM) May2007, City Development Department Government of
Uttarakhand, GHK International, UK in association with Infrastructure
Professionals Enterprise ENC Consulting Engineers, P. 5
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culture traditions.php
http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/def/ecosystemservices.htm
http://www.enainital.com/nainital
culture traditions.php
http://www.enainital.com/nainital
culture traditions.php
http://www.enainital.com/nainital
culture traditions.