Dyeing of wool with discarded Tetracycline
Hydrochloride drug
Prashant Gangawane, Dr. (Mrs.) Usha Sayed*
Department of Fibers and Textile
Processing Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai-400019 Maharashtra India
*Corresponding Author E-mail: prashant.gangawane@gmail.com
Drugs lose their potency beyond their
expiration date. Therefore their effectiveness and their ability to dissolve
can be affected. Expired Tetracycline (an antibiotic) was known to be
responsible for kidney impairment. Hence it was question whether Tetracycline
Hydrochloride can be use apart from medication? The present study reveals that
Tetracycline hydrochloride drug can be use to dye wool fabric by the exhaust
process The performance properties are medium to good. Tetracycline
Hydrochloride drug being a non-toxic in nature can be worn next to skin. The
End-use can be in various sectors in apparels, kid’s garments, technical
textile, medical textile etc.
KEYWORDS: Tetracycline hydrochloride, Expired drugs, apparels, kid’s garments,
technical textile, medical textile, wool
INTRODUCTION:
Most drugs simply lose potency and are
nontoxic after the expiration date. Human toxicity related to taking expired
drugs has only been linked to degraded tetracycline. There have been rare
reports of renal tubular dysfunction or Fanconi-like syndrome associated with
ingestion of outdated tetracycline.1-6 The majority of the cases
were reported in the 1960s. Degradation products of tetracycline (i.e.,
anhydrotetracycline and epi-anhydrotetracycline) accumulate within mitochondria
of renal cells and interfere with oxidative phosphorylation and can potentially
cause nausea, vomiting, lethargy, polydipsia, polyuria, glycosuria,
aminoaciduria, phosphaturia, proteinuria, acidosis, and hypokalemia.6
Therefore, our study was focused on the usage of expired drugs or unused drugs
because of patient’s non-compliance that contain in their composition active
substances with inhibitory properties. This method of unused medicines
valorization can solve two major environmental and economical problems:
limitation of environmental pollution with pharmaceutically active compounds
and reduction of the disposal costs of expired drugs.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Material:
Commercially available ready for dye (RFD) wool fabric
was used for the study.
Drug used:
Tetracycline Hydrochloride (TCH) by Piramal
Healthcare Limited, Gujrat, (Batch No. 1558, Mfd. Jun 2010, Exp.- May 2012)
Chemicals:
Hydrochloric Acid (HCL), Ammonium Acetate (CH3COONH4),
L- Histidine hydrochloride
monohydrate, Sodium Chloride, Disodium hydrogen phosphate. All chemicals are
supplied by S.D. Fine Chem. Ltd.and are of AR grade.
Methods:
Dyeing of Wool:
1% stock solution of Tetracycline Hydrochloride was
prepared for dyeing. Wool was dyed with Tetracycline hydrochloride keeping
liquor ratio of 20:1, at 1000C for 60 min. Then rinsed and dryed.
Colour Measurement:
Dyed samples were
evaluated for the depth of the colour by determining K/S values using a
SpectraflashÒ SF
300, Computer Colour Matching System supplied by Datacolor International,
U.S.A. An average of four readings taken at four different sample areas, was
used to calculate the reflectance values, and Kubelka Munk K/S function which
is given by:
Where,
"R" is
the reflectance at complete opacity.
"K" is
the absorption coefficient.
"S" is
the scattering coefficient.
Tone of the Colour is also measured on the
same machine Tone of the Colour in terms of CIE L*a* and b* values.
Washing Fastness was carried out by ISO 105-CO1.
Light Fastness was carried out by ISO 105-B02.
Rubbing Fastness was
carried out by ISO 105-X12.
Perspiration Fastness was carried out by ISO
105 – E04.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Drugs lose their potency beyond their expiration date,
and therefore their effectiveness and their ability to dissolve can be
affected. For patients who rely on medications to stay alive, like heart
medications, expired drugs can be dangerous because they may not be getting the
full effectiveness of the drug. It depends on the medication. Expired
Tetracycline (an antibiotic) was known to be responsible for kidney impairment.
In this work an approach which was an innovative method
was experimented where Tetracycline Hydrochloride were used to apply on the
protein fibers namely wool.
The dyeing of wool was carried out at 100oC
for 60 min and the concentration was varied between 0.5% to 3% and the results
are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1, 2 and 3and 4.
Table 1 :
Colorant strength calculation values of wool substrate dyed with TCH dissolved
in dilute Hydrochloric acid at varies concentration .
|
Sr No.
|
TCH Conc.%
|
L*
|
a*
|
b*
|
C*
|
H*
|
Colour
Strength (%)
|
K/S
|
|
1
|
0.5
|
42.647
|
8.285
|
16.621
|
18.571
|
63.48
|
100
|
6.6282
|
|
2
|
1
|
42.271
|
8.408
|
17.158
|
19.107
|
63.868
|
171.707
|
11.3812
|
|
3
|
2
|
41.581
|
8.706
|
16.49
|
18.647
|
62.143
|
304.46
|
20.1803
|
|
4
|
3
|
40.627
|
9.046
|
15.165
|
17.658
|
59.16
|
366.432
|
24.2879
|
Table 2:
Fastness properties of Wool substrate dyed with TCH drug dissolve in carious dilute
Acids
|
Sr.
No.
|
TCH
% Shade
|
Washing
Fastness
|
Light
Fastness
|
Rubbing
Fastness
|
Fastness
to perspiration
|
|
Dry
|
Wet
|
Alkaline
|
Acidic
|
|
1
|
0.5%
|
3-4
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
4-5
|
3-4
|
|
2
|
1%
|
3-4
|
5
|
5
|
4-5
|
3-4
|
3-4
|
|
3
|
2%
|
4-5
|
6-7
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
4
|
|
|
|
0.5%
TCH 1% TCH 2%
TCH 3% TCH
|
Figure 1 : Shade Card of Dyeing of wool with Tetracycline Hydrochloride at
various Concentration
The drug is yellow in color with the brown cast powder,
acidic in nature and freely soluble in dilute Hydrochloric acids. It has been
found that wool fabric dyed with Tetracycline Hydrochloride and exhibits a wide
gamut of colour shade. Also shows uniformity and levelness. Table 1 indicates
that the L value decreasing from 0.5 % to 3% hence as the concentration of
Tetracycline Hydrochloride increases the darkness increases. The value of
a*found to be increasing as the concentration increases hence it can be observe
from figure 1 that as the concentration increases the Redness characteristics
increases. The value of b* were first increases upto 1% as proceed from 0.5 to
1% but then after decreases and minimum at 3%, therefore at 1% shade the fabric
is more yellower as compare to 0.5% shade but after that the yellowness
decreases as increase in %shade and its minimum at 3%. At 3% shade wool fabric
become maximum Redder and bluer as compare to all other shades. From the table
1 it has been observed that the Colour Strength increases and maximum at 3%.
The K/S values also increases with the increase in concentration. Thus
Tetracycline Hydrochloride drug can be used to dye wool fabric by the exhaust
process Wool being a protein fibre has both cationic as well as anionic groups
as it consists of 18 amino groups. TCH ionizes into chloride groups and hence can
easily form ionic bonds with the cationic amino groups of wool. And therefore
as seen in table 1 and figure 1 with increase in concentration of tetracycline
hydrochloride, the colour strength increases and K/S values was also an
increase. Since in the acidic pH the protonation of wool increases and hence
the increase ionic concentration of the drug is able to capture more sites and
form bonds resulting in higher uptake. The mechanism is very similar to that of
an acid dye used for dyeing of wool . The wash fastness , the light fastness ,
the rubbing fastness as well as the perspiration fastness as seen in table 2
are good , indicating ionic bond linkage which are faster to light, wash and
perspiration with increase in % shade there is increase in fastness properties.
The figure 1,2,3 and 4 again indicate the above mechanism. The successful
dyeing of wool by using a drug which has expired potency for human consumption
can be recycled to dye the woolen fabric instead of polluting the effluent and
the whole process is environmental friendly and a very good alternative for the
use of the expired drug. Incidentally it was found , such a dyed fabric was
also found to be antimicrobial in nature and can also be use in apparels, kid
ware and any other end use which required hygienic atmosphere.
Figure 2 : H* Vs
Concentration of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in %
Figure 3: Colour
Strength (%) Vs Concentration of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in %
Figure 4 : K/S Vs
Concentration of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in %
CONCLUSION:
The above experimentation has exhibited the uniform
level dyeing of wool possessing antimicrobial properties can be achieved by
using expired TCH as an acid dye for dyeing of wool with a wide gamut of
colours with increasing concentration. Such an innovative experimentation on
expired drug has been studied for the first time in the Textile processing..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The authors are thankful to the Department of Fibers and Textile Processing
Technology, Institute of
Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai for providing infrastructural facilities
and University Grant Commission (UGC) for providing financial support for this
research work.
REFERENCES:
1.. Gross JM. Fanconi
Syndrome (adult type)developing secondary to the ingestion of outdated tetracycline.
Ann Intern Med 1963;58:523-8.
2. Frimpter GW,
Timpanelli AE, Eisenmenger WJ, etal. Reversible “Fanconi Syndrome” caused by
degraded tetracycline. JAMA 1963:184;111-3.
3. Montoliu J, Carrera
M, Darnell A, Revert L. Lactic acidosis and Fanconi’s syndrome due to degraded
tetracycline. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)1981;283:1576-7.
4. Fulop M, Drakin A.
Potassium-depletion syndrome secondary to nephropathy apparently caused by
“outdated tetracycline.” New Engl J Med 1965;272:986-9.
5. Wegienka LC, Weller
JM. Renal tubular acidosis caused by degraded tetracycline. Arch Intern Med
1964;114:232-5.
6. Hemstreet
BA. Antimicrobial-associated renal tubular acidosis. Ann Pharmacother
2004;38:1031-8.