INTRODUCTION:

Now a days, Information Technology is being an important part of our life. Information technology in Pharmacy, also referred to as pharmacy informatics or pharmaco- informatics, is a growing field of pharmacy. The pharmacy jobs in this field offer a different challenges than traditional pharmacy and require the clinical knowledge or a pharmacist with the aptitude of an information technology specialist. As the industry continues to lean on computer data to make decisions, this professional must work to capture, maintain, and distribute the data in a secure and accurate manner. The Health Informatics compiles the application of information science, computer science, health care, clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information communication systems. Health informatics is a wide spread field that includes the healthcare, medical, nursing, and biomedical informatics¹.Use of IT in pharmacy is increasing day by day and job opportunity also there in this field. Medical writing, Medical transcription, Medical coding, Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) are the fields where the IT is very beneficial so these field have been taken for the study in this review.

Medical writing communicates the clinical and scientific data and information to a range of audiences in a wide variety of different formats. Medical writer is a team of well experienced physician who uses their research skills and knowledge to present the information in right way. Medical writing is a complex form of writing and requires mammoth proportion of technical knowledge and concurrence to the subject in hand ².

Medical Transcription is one of the highly professional IT related services and involves highly skilled data processing job for medical field. Medical Transcription is documentation of medical records, mostly needed for giving out insurance claims, is transcribed by a specialized professional called Medical Transcribers ³.

Medical Coding is assign codes to diagnoses and procedures which help in financial reimbursement from insurance companies and government agencies, software companies and consulting firms. Medical Coding is also known as insurance coding. Medical coding is convert a medical diagnosis or symptoms, procedures, and drugs into codes and Medical billing is make billing insurance companies and patients for procedures and office visits. Medical Coding aids in identifying the claims and displays the entire history of the patient and the services performed. Medical classification, or medical coding, is the process of transforming descriptions of medical diagnoses and procedures into universal medical code numbers. The diagnoses and procedures are usually taken from a variety of sources within the medical record, such as the transcription of the doctor's notes, laboratory results, radiologic results, and other sources. Diagnosis codes are used to track diseases ^4,5.

Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) is a form of outsourcing, in which knowledge-related and information-related work is carried out by workers in a different company or by a subsidiary of the same organization, which may be in the same country or in an offshore location to save cost. Process transparency is a major barrier to using KPO services. There is a tight wall of security in place during the data transfer and during the knowledge transfer. The confidentiality of the data is maintained by the KPOs that take due care to maintain high quality of work and personnel. Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (popularly known as a KPO), calls for the application of specialized domain pertinent knowledge of a high level. The KPO typically involves a component of Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO), Research Process Outsourcing (RPO) and Analysis Proves Outsourcing (APO). The future of KPO has a high potential as it is not restricted to only Information Technology (IT) or Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) sectors and includes other sectors like Legal Processes, Intellectual Property and Patent related services, Engineering Services, Web Development application, CAD/CAM Applications, Business Research and Analytics, Legal Research, Clinical Research, Publishing, Market Research (Market research KPO) etc ⁶.

Health Informatics

Pharmacy information technology, also referred to as pharmacy informatics or pharmacoinformatics, is a growing field of pharmacy. The pharmacy jobs in this field offer a different challenge than traditional pharmacy and require the clinical knowledge or a pharmacist with the aptitude of an information technology specialist. As the industry continues to lean on computer data to make decisions, this professional must work to capture, maintain, and distribute the data in a secure and accurate manner. Information Technology refers to the management and use of the information using computer-based tools. It can refer to both hardware and software. Mostly, it is the term used to refer to business applications of computer technology rather than scientific applications. Information Technology (IT) can be used potentially in every sector of the economy. Information Technology has been a dynamic sector in many developed economies and India has stood out as a developing country where IT sector has grown indefinitely. Information Technology jobs in India are the first choice career for the bright brains who are innovative. Hence, IT jobs in India are also booming with increasing demand for information technology professionals ^1,7.

History

Worldwide use of technology in medicine began in the early 1950s with the rise of the computers.In 1949, Gustav Wager established the first professional organization for informatics in Germany. The prehistory, history, and future of medical information and health information technology are discussed in reference. Specialized university departments and Informatics training programs began during the 1960s in France, Germany, Belgium and The Netherlands. Medical informatics research units began to appear during the 1970s in Poland and in the U.S. Since then the development of high-quality health informatics research, education and infrastructure has been the goal of the U.S. and the European Union.Early names for health informatics included medical computing, medical computer science, computer medicine, medical electronic data processing, medical automatic data processing, medical information processing, medical information science, medical software engineering, and medical computer technology. Since the 1970s the most prominent international coordinating body has been the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) ¹.

Aspects of the field

· Architectures for electronic medical records and other health information systems used for billing, scheduling, and research

· Decision support systems in healthcare, including clinical decision support systems and information workflows

· Standards and integration profiles (e.g. Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise) to facilitate the exchange of information between healthcare information systems—these specifically define the means to exchange data, not the content

· Controlled medical vocabularies (CMVs) such as the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine, Clinical Terms, MEDCIN, Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC), Open GALEN Common Reference Model or the highly complex UMLS—used to allow a standard, accurate exchange of data content between systems and providers

· Use of hand-held or portable devices to assist providers with data entry/retrieval or medical decision-making, sometimes called mHealth.

· The international standards on the subject are covered by ICS in which ISO 27799:2008 is one of the core components.

· Molecular bioinformatics and clinical informatics have converged into the field of translational bioinformatics ^1,7,8.

Medical Writing

In general, medical writing is about communicating clinical and scientific data and information to a range of audiences in a wide variety of different formats. Medical writers combine their knowledge of science and their research skills with an understanding of how to present information and pitch it at the right level for the intended audience. Primary purpose of any publication is to advance knowledge to communicate the results of the author’s work to their colleagues and contemporaries. Sometime scientific personnel are under pressure to publish papers before getting job or grants renewed. Added to this, lack of training in scientific methods and sentiments of English style makes presentation of majority of write up not up to the mark in spite of good material. Purpose of this write up is to give a guideline to the inexperienced authors and to have information at hand for others while writing a paper. Attempts have been made to highlight the important aspects of scientific paper writing which may serve some purpose particularly with the beginners. Even senior people some time are not careful in presenting data in its right perspective. Medical writing is rather a complex form of writing and requires mammoth proportions of technical knowledge and concurrence to the subject in hand, while most of the advice procured to freelancers or professional aspirants is to know the core facts about a pharmaceutical subject in hand before trotting into the adventured territories of medical writing, however there are ten most paramount steps which are essential for a novice to enter into the medical writing^2,9.

Medical writers

Medical writers are present in pharmaceutical companies, contract research organisations (CROs), and communications agencies. CROs conduct clinical studies and help pharmaceutical companies to get their products registered with international regulatory authorities. In general, medical writers in CROs are involved with preparing a range of documents for these regulatory submissions, including protocols and final reports for clinical trials, and clinical expert reports. They may also be involved in the preparation of manuscripts for publication in medical journals.

The situation is generally similar in a pharmaceutical company with medical writer preparing documents for submission to the regulatory authorities and manuscripts for publication. However, depending on the company, they may also be involved in other writing projects such as training manuals, promotional material for marketing purposes, and websites. Writers in communications agencies generally prepare manuscripts for publication, items for conferences (e.g. posters, abstracts, and slide presentations), and promotional items for pharmaceutical marketing, training material, and multimedia (e.g. websites). The work in this environment is likely to be more creative.

Many writers also work on a freelance basis, which is an attractive option for some people. Medical Writers consist of a team of physicians who have experience in developing documents in various therapeutic areas such as oncology, cardiology, infectious diseases, ophthalmology, diabetes, neuropsychiatry and respiratory disorders. Documents are prepared in accordance with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and templates, and customized as per sponsor specifications ^9,10.

Medical writing services

1. Clinical and Nonclinical Clinical trials drug Modules

2. Drug Registration Documentation

3. Pharm.- Tox. Expert Reports

4. Meeting Reports

5. Scientific Papers for Publication

6. Development of databases².

Medical writing, whether for professional or general audiences, requires special knowledge and skills to produce well-structured documents that present information clearly and concisely. Medical writers have expertise and experience in writing and preparing a range of documents for:

- Medical Research

- Clinical Studies

- Regulatory Submissions

- Promotional / Sales Material

In Table no. 1 different areas of the medical writing are discussed, It is a valuable field to explain the outcomes of the various approaches. Proper documentation can be achieved by the help of the proper writing of the text or data.

Medical transcription

Medical transcription (MT) is documentation of medical records. Medical transcription experts are called medical transcripts or transcribers. Partially sub-contracting the business to an outside agency is referred to as a service provider and is called outsourcing. Transcribers listen to dictations of health care professionals can be in digital or analogue format, which are then converted to text format. These files generally have patient’s medical history, consultation medical test reports, operation as well as post-operation reports, etc. MT is a process by which medical records, mostly needed for giving out insurance claims, are transcribed by a specialized professional. She/he helps the doctors by documenting and proof reading medical reports with the aid of word processing. These reports are based on the content dictated by the doctors and recorded onto digital voice processing systems. A career in Medical transcription can be interesting for those who want flexibility in jobs, whether pursued on site or from home. Generally, recorded messages are outsourced to India from countries like the US for transcription because of availability of English-speaking population at low-cost. In the recent past, the entry of private insurance companies and expansion of healthcare sector has also led to use of this service in the country. Professionals trained in this IT-enabled service are, thus in high demand both in India and abroad. Several Medical Transcription courses are available in this country for aspiring Medical transcriptionists.

Medical Transcription is one of the highly professional IT related services. It involves highly skilled data processing job for medical field. Doctors maintain the medical records for each patient’s follow-up action and future reference. The medical records are also useful for better treatment i.e. health care, insurance claim and for medical research purposes. An accurate computerized medical record helps in avoiding chances of omission of some of the important findings in the records.

History

Evolution of transcription dates back to the 1960s. The method was designed to assist in the manufacturing process. The first transcription that was developed in this process was MRP, which is the acronym for Manufacturing Resource Planning, in 1975. This was followed by another advanced version namely MRP. But none of them yielded the benefit of medical transcription. However, transcription equipment has changed from manual typewriters to electric typewriters to word processors to computers and from plastic disks and magnetic belts to cassettes and endless loops and digital recordings. Today, speech recognition (SR), also known as continuous speech recognition (CSR), is increasingly being used, with medical transcriptionists and or "editors" providing supplemental editorial services, although there are occasional instances where SR fully replaces the MT. Natural-language processing takes "automatic" transcription a step further, providing an interpretive function that speech recognition alone does not provide (although MTs do).

In the past, these medical reports consisted of much abbreviated handwritten notes that were added in the patient's file for interpretation by the primary physician responsible for the treatment. Ultimately, this mess of handwritten notes and typed reports were consolidated into a single patient file and physically stored along with thousands of other patient records in a wall of filing cabinets in the medical records department. Whenever the need arose to review the records of a specific patient, the patient's file would be retrieved from the filing cabinet and delivered to the requesting physician. To enhance this manual process, many medical record documents were produced in duplicate or triplicate by means of carbon copy.

In recent years, medical records have changed considerably. Although many physicians and hospitals still maintain paper records, there is a drive for electronic records. Filing cabinets are giving way to desktop computers connected to powerful servers, where patient records are processed and archived digitally. This digital format allows for immediate remote access by any physician who is authorized to review the patient information. Reports are stored electronically and printed selectively as the need arises. Many MTs now utilize personal computers with electronic references and use the internet not only for web resources but also as a working platform. Technology has gotten so sophisticated that MT services and MT departments work closely with programmers and information systems (IS) staff to stream in voice and accomplish seamless data transfers through network interfaces. In fact, many healthcare providers today are enjoying the benefits of handheld PCs or personal data assistants (PDAs) and are now utilizing software on them for dictation ³.

Medical Coding

Medical Coding (MC) is assign codes to diagnoses and procedures which help in financial reimbursement from insurance companies and government agencies, software companies and consulting firms. Medical Coding is also known as insurance coding. This field generates medical coders who specialize in coding after a thorough training program and a certification process. The American Health Information Management Association offers certification in this field. MC is converting a medical diagnosis or symptoms, procedures, and drugs into codes and Medical billing is make billing insurance companies and patients for procedures and office visits. Their work is submitted to insurance companies for payment purposes, data collection, research, billing and quality improvement purposes.

Medical Coding aids in identifying the claims and displays the entire history of the patient and the services performed. Coders convert the physicians note into codes that is utilized by the insurance providers in compensating the health care provider. It aids in attaining judgment at a glance. The growing involvement of micro computers and bigger databases made it possible to outsource the work⁴. MC is also outsourced to remote countries where the nature of this work is such that it can lend itself to alternative or flexible working arrangements. Medical coding is convert a medical diagnosis or symptoms into codes and Medical billing is make billing insurance companies and patients for procedures and office visits.

Medical Coders play an important role in the financial success of private medical practices and other health care facilities. The greater the expertise of the Medical Coder in identifying relevant diagnoses for patient encounters, the greater the insurance reimbursement to the physician. This field generates medical coders who specialize in coding after a thorough training program and a certification process.

Medical classification, or medical coding, is the process of transforming descriptions of medical diagnoses and procedures into universal medical code numbers. The diagnoses and procedures are usually taken from a variety of sources within the medical record, such as the transcription of the doctor's notes, laboratory results, radiologic results, and other sources. Diagnosis codes are used to track diseases, whether they are chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease, to contagious diseases such as nor virus, the flu, and athlete's foot. These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by government health programs, private health insurance companies, workers' compensation carriers and others ^4,5.

Medical classification systems are used for a variety of applications in medicine and medical informatics.

1. Statistical analysis of diseases and therapeutic actions.

2. Reimbursement.

3. Knowledge-based and decision support systems.

4. Direct surveillance of epidemic or pandemic outbreaks.

Medical Coding Process

Various steps of medical coding are discussed in the figure no. 1. From accessing patient charts to client feedback, there are five steps by which medical process can be achieved.

Figure no-1 [Step of medical coding]

Medical Coding Services & Benefits

· The medical documents are electronically scanned by client.

· They are then accessed by Clint, using our value platform Virtual Private Network (VPNs) connections.

· The documents are validated by medical coding team and split into batches.

· Each document is thoroughly reviewed for completeness, quality and readability.

· The diagnosis, procedure codes, and modifiers are assigned as per client guidelines.

· Certain codes may be modified to suit unique requirements ^5,12

Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)

Process transparency is a major barrier to using KPO services. Many organizations do not track carefully which decisions are made by whom, and rely so much on informal social processes (and "soft skills") that it is unclear how much the use of KPO would disrupt existing operations. However, requirements like Sarbanes-Oxley and radical transparency movements like full cost accounting, shareholder activism and eco-labels and moral purchasing require organizations to be more explicit about when and by whom decisions are made. These trends make it easier for outsourcing non-critical jobs to be considered by qualifying the impact of decisions in advance. Furthermore, it becomes easier to evaluate and compare success. A fully developed service economy enables KPO by treating all functions as services, so do more technical trends such as service oriented architecture, enterprise application integration and telework: it is easier to outsource a job if it is already being performed outside the head office. Organizations adopting ISO 9000 and ISO 19011 should also find it much easier to integrate externally provided KPO into their operations and audit them on a fair basis.

As of 2007, most US organizations were hiring foreign professionals under H-1 visas to do jobs in the USA for several years, after which they would return to their home countries as managers to train and supervise others, continuing to report to their former business units.

The following extract from chapter two of the British Computer Society book 'Global Services: Moving to a Level Playing Field' by Mark Kobayashi-Hillary and Dr Richard Sykes attempts to define KPO: "KPO is merely a continuation of BPO, though with rather more business complexity. The defining difference is that KPO is usually focused on knowledge-intensive business processes that require significant domain expertise. The offshore team servicing a KPO contract cannot be easily hired overnight as they will be highly educated and trained, and trusted to take decisions on behalf of the client. IT outsourcing is strongly focused around technical professionalism, and the migration to business process outsourcing introduces this extra dimension of application professionalism. Ever more complex services, as implied by KPO, demonstrate this very well. The profile of people being hired to serve within KPO service companies are more diverse than just being drawn from technical IT services – these are people with MBAs, and medical, engineering, design or other specialist business skills. KPO delivers higher value to organizations that offshore their domain-based processes, thereby enhancing the traditional cost– quality paradigm of BPO. The central theme of KPO is to create value for the client by providing business expertise rather than process expertise. So KPO involves a shift from standardized processes to advanced analytical thinking, technical skills and decisive judgement based on experience ^6,13.

What is KPO

It is being claimed that KPO is one step extension of Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO) because BPO Industry is shaping into Knowledge Process Outsourcing because of its favorable advantageous and future scope. But, let us not treat it only a 'B' replaced by a 'K'. In fact, Knowledge process can be defined as high added value processes chain where the achievement of objectives is highly dependent on the skills, domain knowledge and experience of the people carrying out the activity and when this activity gets outsourced a new business activity emerges, which is generally known as Knowledge Process Outsourcing ⁶.

Knowledge Processing Outsourcing (popularly known as a KPO), calls for the application of specialized domain pertinent knowledge of a high level. The KPO typically involves a component of Business Processing Outsourcing (BPO), Research Process Outsourcing (RPO) and Analysis Proves Outsourcing (APO). KPO business entities provide typical domain-based processes, advanced analytical skills and business expertise, rather than just process expertise. KPO Industry is handling more amount of high skilled work than the BPO Industry. KPO derives its strength from the depth of knowledge, experience and judgment factor; BPO in contrast is more about size, volume and efficiency. In fact, it is the evolution and maturity of the Indian BPO sector that has given rise to yet another wave in the global outsourcing scenario: KPO or Knowledge Process Outsourcing. The success is achieved by many overseas companies in outsourcing business process operations to India. It has encouraged many of the said companies to start outsourcing their high-end knowledge work as well. Cost savings, operational efficiencies, availability of and access to a highly skilled and talented workforce and improved quality are all underlying expectations in outsourcing high-end processes to India. The future of KPO has a high potential as it is not restricted to only Information Technology (IT) or Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) sectors and includes other sectors like Legal Processes, Intellectual Property and Patent related services, Engineering Services, Web Development application, CAD/CAM Applications, Business Research and Analytics, Legal Research, Clinical Research, Publishing, Market Research (Market research KPO) etc. In today's competitive environment, focus is to concentrate on core specialization and core-competency areas and outsource the rest of the activities. Many companies and organizations have come to realize that by outsourcing non core activities, not only cost are minimized and efficiencies improved but the total business improves because the focus shifts to the key growth areas of the business activity. Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO), frequently compared to Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is the next step in the outsourcing value chain. It is not an offshoot of BPO as people like to think but an independent industry. KPO is a form of outsourcing, in which knowledge-related and information-related work is carried out by workers in a different company or by a subsidiary of the same organization, which may be in the same country or in an offshore location to save cost. While BPO stresses on process expertise, KPO emphasizes business expertise. KPO requires advanced analytical and technical skills coupled with judgment to execute highly complex and customized processes. Knowledge process can further be high added value processes chain where the achievement of objectives is highly dependent on the skills, domain knowledge and experience of the people carrying out the activity and when this activity gets outsourced a new business activity emerges, which is generally known as Knowledge Process Outsourcing ^6,13.

Right now, knowledge process outsourcing firms specialize in the fields of content writing and rewriting, research and development, patent research, pharmaceutical technology, equity research, market research, data research, database management, finance modelling, design and development in various industries, animation, medical reports and services, distance education, engineers, doctors, attorneys and many other professionals are becoming more and more popular.

Experts of the market research industry have already evaluated all the benefits produced by knowledge process outsourcing firms and have started to outsource the fields in which technology and IT solutions can seriously improve the research process. The researchers are highly profitable as they are really cost effective. Even small companies can make use of them, without increasing their budget spending. Therefore, knowledge process outsourcing is a really proven method of quickly boosting the productivity and cost savings in the field of market research.

Knowledge Process Outsourcing or KPO industry has emerged as one of the highly paid and rewarding career options from last few years. It has excellent earning potential for the candidates with technical and analytical skills in different areas of expertise including engineering, medicine, pharmacy, legal, architecture, finance, economics or journalism. KPO industry involves high-value tasks carried out by organization. KPO industry is always in need of candidates with proficiency in advanced information search, analytical, interpretation and technical skills along with the professional and decision-making aptitude. It is one of the growing fields and generating lots of job opportunities for candidates having proficiency in their domain. KPO is not restricted to a particular stream rather it prefers employees from diverse academic backgrounds. It helps in getting different perspectives for delivering quality work to the clients in global market. In last 5 years, there has been a strong requirement of engineers, CAs, doctors, MBAs, lawyers, research analysts, scientific researchers and PhDs.

KPO in India

India has lots of intellectuals to fulfill the growing need of KPO industry in all the fields. In-depth domain knowledge with conceptual understanding is the key to success and growth in a KPO establishment. One can make full use of his/her educational qualifications and can earn a handsome salary package while working in a KPO. Good performers and intelligent candidates have tremendous opportunities in KPO organizations in terms of growth, salary package, managerial responsibilities, positions and designation. KPO industry is more concerned on value chain rather than a traditional BPO company that provides basic backend or customer care support. Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) is concerned with the highly skilled outsourcing services including document writing, global filing, prior art searches, legal advice on infringements, invalidation search, freedom of use search, executing standardized processes and requires advanced analytical and technical skills.

The KPO services that are outsourced to India are

· Research & Development

· Business and Technical Analysis

· Learning Solutions

· Animation & Design

· Business & Market Research

· Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology

· Medical Services

· Writing & Content Development

· Legal Services

· Intellectual Property (IP) Research

· Data Analytics

· Network Management

· Training & Consultancy

India has hardworking and proficient knowledge workers to meet this emerging sector's challenges and is bringing foreign currency in India¹⁴.

The benefits of KPO include:

· Cost reductions.

· Increased operational efficiency.

· Utilization of the expertise

· Time Saving.

· Profit Increments.

· Availability of required man-power at nominal costs

India is well equipped to meet the challenges and all set to be the global KPO hub. Indian KPO industry is expected to be growing at almost 46% by the year 2010. Apart from India, many countries are also expected to join the KPO industry ¹⁵.

KPO in Pharmacy Research & Development

Following are some tasks that have been outsourced in this category-

· Clinical Trial Management

· Clinical Regulatory Support

· Drug Discovery and Chemical Research

· Electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation Services¹⁶

CONCLUSION:

By the wide study of health informatics, it is concluded that this field of information technology have many opportunity for pharmacy student for their job. Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO) is the most important and popular field in information technology in which many scope and jobs are available for new blood of pharmacy. Other fields like medical transcription, medical coding also has many opportunities for students. By this study, we can say that information & technology field also a better option for a pharmacy qualified student and job opportunities are increasing day by day.

REFERENCES:

1. Encyclopaedia Online: Health informatics available on http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Health _in formatics. 2008.

2. Encyclopaedia Online: Medical Writing available on http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/ Medical_ writing. 2011.

3. Encyclopaedia Online: Medical Transcription available on http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/Medic al_transcription. 2009.

4. Bezroukov V. The application of the International Classification of Diseases to dentistry and stomatology. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 7(1);1979 :21–4.

5. Van Drimmelen-Krabbe JJ, Bradley WG, Orgogozo JM and Sartorius N. The application of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases to neurology: ICD-10 NA. J Neurol Sci. 161 (1); 1998: 2–9.

6. Encyclopaedia Online: Knowledge Process Outsourcing available on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_process_outsourcing. 2012.

7. Edwin DR. Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology. Green wood Press. 2003.

8. Lussier, YA, Butte, AJ, Hunter, L. Current Methodologies for Translational Bioinformatics. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 43 (3); 2010: 355–7.

9. Bradford HA. Logical Order for a Scientific Paper. British Medical Journal. 2; 1965:870.

10. Luttikhuizen F. The Ins and Outs of Scientific Writing. Microbiologia. 12(2); 1996: 477 -80.

11. www.manuscriptedit.com/writing

12. Olesen J. The International Classification of Headache Disorders. Cephalalgia.24 (1) ; 2004: 9–160.

13. Makhnach O. Knowledge Process Outsourcing: A Brand New Type of Outsourcing. 2007-03-30, Retrieved February 2011-01-06, http://ezinearticles.com/ ?Knowledge- Process-Outsourcing:-A -Brand- New-Type-of-Out sourcing&id=509643.

14. Kumar G. Career in Knowledge Process Outsourcing Industry. Employment News. 2012: 27.

15. www.infosearchbpo.com/bpo-news/tag/kpo-services

16. Outsourceportfolio.com/wp-content/themes/revol/pdfs/rrs/84.pdf.

Received on 29.11.2012 Modified on 18.12.2012

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 6(1): Jan. 2013; Page 51-57

Medical Research	Clinical Studies	Regulatory Submissions	Promotional / Sales Material
Abstract	Case study	New Drug Applications(NDA)	Feature articles
Literature Review	Medical procedure	Medical guideline documents for physicians	Monograph
Medical research papers	Clinical study reports/ documentation: Phase-I, Phase-II, Phase-III and Phase-IV writing	Training manuals	Newsletters
Journal articles	Clinical Protocol		Press releases
Review papers	Product inserts		Brochures
Annotated outlines			PowerPoint presentations
Continuing Medical Education(CME)			Policy Statements
Cover letter for journal submissions			Product packaging
			Patient Information Leaflets (PILs)
			Websites design and development