Review of Some Important Medicinal Plants Possesses Anti-Inflammatory Activity

 

Nilesh Gupta, U.K Jain*, Ankit Jain, Goutam Lovanshi, Nitin Mathan, Vipin Tiwari

Bhopal Institute of Technology and Science- Pharmacy, Bhojpur Road, Bhopal.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: ukjain65@gmail.com

 

ABSTRACT:

The last two decades have witnessed a revival of interest in natural drugs and herbal products primarily due to widespread belief that (‘green’) medicines are heal their than synthetic products. This has led to a rapid spurt in demand for anti-inflammatory products like Phyllanthus amarus, Rungia pectinata, Gymnema sylvestre, Aegle marmelos, Ficus bengalensis, Dillenia indica and such other products of traditional medicine. Inflammatory diseases are a major and world wide problem. The number of plants has been screened for their anti-inflammatory activity, but only few of them reached up to the clinical level. This problem is mainly due to purely academic oriented research. Researchers have to lay emphasis on the phytoconstituents obtained from that plant for the specific treatment of such disease and not only to increase the number of plants having anti-inflammatory activity but have to work towards tapping their therapeutic utility.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Inflammatory diseases including different types of rheumatic diseases are a major cause of morbidity of the working force throughout world. This has been called the 'King of Human Miseries^1. Although rheumatism is one of the oldest known diseases of the mankind and affects a large percentage of population of the world, no substantial progress was seen till the synthesis of aspirin in 1899 by the German Company Bayer, the hint of which also was obtained from a plant, the Salix alba used world wide in folk medicine for the relief of aches, fever and rheumatic pain. Since then many compounds were introduced as a result of laboratory search for drugs with anti-inflammatory activity, though many of them produced a dramatic symptomatic improvement in rheumatic processes, did not arrest the progress of the diseases process and all of them shared the common side effect².

 

In the last few years a number of anti-inflammatory compounds have been introduced with a view to find out potent and safe anti-inflammatory anti-arthritic drugs which would come near enough to steroids without any deleterious effects.

 

Compounds of synthetic and indigenous origin have to be screened in laboratory animals before they can be tried in man. A number of laboratory models are available for screening anti-inflammatory agents. These models try to stimulate biological and biochemical characteristics of inflammation and particularly arthritis. However, none of these could be considered as hundred per cent correct so that the results of which can always predict the human usefulness.

 

In order to screen new potential anti-inflammatory; anti-arthritic compounds, one must have clear understanding about the prime cause of inflammation, the nature of inflammation, target organ involved, various stages of inflammation, biochemical and other systemic changes due to inflammation.

 

An attempt has been made to review the inflammation, various factors involved in the inflammatory process, available methods for screening potential anti-inflammatory agents and finally future trend of research in the field of inflammation.

 

Inflammation is a vital response of tissue injury. Considering Houck's definition one might be tempted to describe it as a protective and normal response to any kind of noxious stimulus. This stimulus may alter the normal physiological process of the host, varying from the acute transient and highly localized response to simple-mechanical injury or to the complex persistent response involving the whole organism. This initial response may initiate further a series of biochemical, immunological and cellular events, which may range in time from recognition of the noxious stimulus through mobilization of natural defense mechanisms ending with physical repair and restoration of function of the injured tissue. Thus inflammation can be defined simply by summing up all these processes, as a complex, vascular lympha­tic and local tissue reaction elicited in animals by the presence of viable and non-viable irritants³.

 

Classification o f Inflammation:-

Inflammation may broadly classify into three categories:

(1) Acute inflammation.

(2) Chronic inflammation.

(3) Miscellaneous kinds of inflammation.

This third category may include allergic and dermatological disorders.

 

1 Acute Inflammation: When a tissue injury is caused by a single event such as mechanical trauma, a thermal or chemical burn or a single exposure to non-replicating antigen the protective phenomena results in inflammation and reparative process proceeds smoothly from injury to recovery.

 

Thus whole inflammatory process at least in acute inflammation exemplifies a beneficial homeostatic mechanism trying to restore the affected tissue to its normal healthy state.

 

2 Chronic Inflammation: There are many diseases which are distinguished by signs and symptoms characteristic of response to chronic inflammatory process of unknown etiology. Some of the rheumatic disorders are characterized by a lack of detectable anti-globulin and antinuclear antibodies in the serum. These are often loosely called as collagen disease which is suggestive of involvement of structure and/or metabolism of collagen in the diseased process. The main members include rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis, but many other disorders exhibiting chronic inflammatory changes such as periarteritis nodosa, scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus are frequently included in general classification⁴. However we have included these disorders in miscellaneous group.

 

There are some other types of chronic inflammations caused by self replicating parasite like bacterium, virus or neoplasm. Such inflammation may become much more complex because of persisting injurious agents or their degraded products. When noxious agents cannot be destroyed or early eliminated, the inflammatory responses try to isolate them from the rest of the organism by forming granuloma.

 

Gout is characterized by acute and chronic inflammatory response to the deposition of microcrystal of sodium urate in the joints and tissues. Now the etiology of gouty arthritis is totally well understood.

 

3. Miscellaneous kind’s of inflammation: This group of disorders is not essentially inflammatory but its components are of inflammatory origin. Many of the dermatological conditions consist of acute, subacute and chronic inflammatory reactions to various known and unknown prime causes. All these disorders mainly involve skin and can readily be assessed. Some examples of these skin diseases are pemphigus, pemphigoid and discoid lupus. These, however, apparently seem to be immunologic but they hardly respond to immunosuppressive therapy. Contact dermatitis on the other hand is a manifestation of delayed hyper-sensitivity, Encapheli mylites involving spinal cord and motor in coordination. Rejection of the transplanted organ is clearly initiated by normally protective immunological reactions but it is mediated by the familiar sequelae of inflammatory stimulus leading to cardinal signs of inflammation and, above all the loss of function⁵.

 

 

4. LIST OF REPORTED ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PLANTS:

S. NO.	PLANT NAME	PART USED	EXTRACT USED	EXPERIMERY ANIMAL	ACTIVITY	REFERENCE NO.
1	Achras sapota (Sapotaceae)	Bark	Methanolic Ext.	Wistar Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	6
2	Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae)	Fruit	Crushed and Powdered	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	7
3	Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae)	Leaves	Hyperpyexia	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic andAnalgesic	8
4	Aesculus chinensis (Hippocastanaceae)	Seed	Saponin	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory	9
5	Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)	Root and Bark	Ethanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	10
6	Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive	11
7	Amaranthus spinosus (Amarantheacae)	Stem	Methanolic Ext.	Rat’s	Anti-Inflammatory	12
8	Amphipterygium adstringens (Julianaceae)	Bark	Aqueous and Hexane Ext.	-	Anti-Inflammatory	13
9	Ardisia crispa thunb (Myrsinaceae)	Root and Leave's	Ethanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Hyperalgesic	14
10	Bauhinia racemosa (Caesalpiniaceae)	Stem and Bark	Methanolic Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic	15
11	Biebersteinia orphanidis boiss. (Biebersteiniaceae)	Leave’s	Methanolic Ext.	Rat’s	Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant	16
12	Biophytum sensitivum (Oxalidaceae)	Crude drug	Methanolic Ext.	Rat’s	Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic	17
13	Boerhaavia diffusa (Nyctaginaceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic and Aqueous Ext.	Rat’s	Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial	18
14	Boswellia serrata (Burseraceae)	Stem, Root and Bark	Ethanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	19
15	Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nyctaginaceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic Ext.	-	Anti-Inflammatory and Hypoglycemic	20
16	Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae)	Leave's	Hexane Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory	21
17	Butea monosperma (Papilionaceae)	Bark	Ethanolic and Petroleum Ether  Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory	22
18	Caesalpinia sappan heartwood (Caesalpiniaceae)	Heart wood	Alcoholic and Aqueous Ext.	Mice And Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	23
19	Calendula officinalis (Compositae)	Flower	Flower Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory	24
20	Calocedrus formosana (Cupressaceae)	Bark	Alcoholic Ext.	-	Anti-Inflammatory	25
21	Calotropis gigantea (Asclepiadaceae)	Root	Alcoholic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	26
22	Calotropis gigantea (Asclepiadaceae)	Flower	Chloroform Ext.	-	Anti-Inflammatory and Antiulcer	27
23	Camellia sinensis (Theaceae)	Leave's	-	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	28
24	Cassia pumila (Leguminosae)	Leave's	Aqueous Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	29
25	Cleome chelidonni (Capparidaceae)	Root	Methanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive	30
26	Clitoria ternatea (Papillionaceae)	Stem	Aqueous and Alcoholic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	31
27	Coldenia procumbens (Boraginaceae)	Aerial Part	Ethanolic Ext.	Wister Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	32
28	Crotalaria pallida (Leguminosae)	Bark	-	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	33
29	Indigofera tinctoria (Fabaceae)		Methanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	34
30	Nelsonia canescens (Acanthaceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	35
31	Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae)	Leave's	Methanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	36
32	Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic Ext.	-	Anti-Inflammatory	37
33	Echinops echinatus (Compositae)	Root	Petroleum Ether, Chloroform, Ethanol and Aqueous Ext.	Albino Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	38
34	Eranthemum roseum (Acanthaceae)	Root	Butanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Nitric Oxide Scavenging	39
35	Erythrina addisoniae (Fabaceae)	Bark	-	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory	40
36	Ficus bengalensis (Moraceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic and Petroleum Ether Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	41
37	Ficus glomerata (Moraceae)	Fruit's	Petroleum Ether, Methanolic and Aqueous Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	42
38	Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae)	Leave's	Aqueous Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	43
39	Helicteres isora (Sterculiaceae)	Root	Chloroform Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	44
40	Seabuckthorn (Hippophaerhamnoides)	Leaf	Crude Drug	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	45
41	Indigofera tinctoria (Fabaceae)	Whole plant	Methanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	46
42	Indigofera trifoliata (Fabaceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant	47
43	Lxora coccinea (Rubiaceae)	Leave's	Methanolic Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	48
44	Jasminum sambac (Oleaceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic and Aqueous Ext.	Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	49
45	Khaya ivorensis (Meliaceae)	Stem and Bark	Ethanolic Ext.	Wister Rat's	Anti-Inflammatory	50
46	Kigelia pinnata (Bignoniaceae)	Fruit's	Methanolic Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive	51
47	Lagenaria siceraria (Cucurbitaceae)	Fruit's	Fruit Juice	Rat and Mica	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	52
48	Lippia alba (Verbenaceae)	Leave's	Hydroalcoholic and Diethyl Ether Ext.	Mouse	Anti-Inflammatory	53
49	Momordica cymbalaria (Cucurbitaceae)	Fruit	Methanolic Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic	54
50	Moringa pterygosperma (Moringaceae)	Root Bark	Methanolic Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Local Anaesthetic	55
51	Nothapodytes foetida (Lcacinaceae)	Leave's	Ethanolic Ext.	Wister Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	56
52	Nyctanthes arbor- tristis (Oleaceae)	Leave's	Petroleum Ether Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	57
53	Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and onosma echioides (Oleaceae)	Root Bark	Ethanolic Ext.	Albino Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	58
54	Ophiopogon japonicus (Liliaceae)	Root	Aqueous Ext.	Mouse and Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	59
55	Phyllanthus amarus (Euphorbiaceae)	Whole plant	Methanolic Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	60
56	Piper betle (Piperaceae)	Leave’s	Ethanolic Ext.	Rat’s	Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing	61
57	Plumbago capensis (Plumbaginaceae)	Root	Hydroalcoholic	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	62
58	Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae)	Leave's	Hydroalcoholic	Wister Rat	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	63
59	Prosopis cineraria (Mimosaceae)	Stem Bark	Methanolic Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic and Anticancer	64
60	Prosthechea michuacana (Orchidaceae)	Bulb	Methanolic and Hexane Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing	65
61	Quercus infectoria (Fagaceae)	Gall	Alcoholic Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	66
62	Rhododendron dauricum (Ericaceae)	Leave's	Aqueous Ext. Aqueous Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory	67
63	Rhododendron dauricum (Ericaceae)	Leave's		Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	68
64	Rungia pectinata and rungia repens nees (Acanthaceae)	Leave's	Hydroalcoholic	Wister Rat	Anti-Inflammatory, Diuretic and Antimicrobial	69
65	Sedum kamtschaticum (Crassulaceae)	-	Methanolic Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	70
66	Sesbania sesban (Fabaceae)	Leave's	Petroleum Ether Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive	71
67	Silybum marianum (Asteraceae)	Leaf and Leaf Callus	Methanolic Ext.	Albino rat	Anti-Inflammatory	72
68	Soymida febrifuga (Meliaceae)	Stem Bark	Aqueous Ext.	Albino Rat	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	73
69	Spilanthes acmella (Compositae)	Flower	Aqueous Ext.	Albino Rat	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	74
70	Stachys byzanthina (Lamiaceae)	Aerial Part	Methanolic Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	75
71	Stereospermum kunthianum (Bignoniaceae)	Stem, Bark and Root Bark	Aqueous and Lipophilic	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	76
72	Tabernaemontana divaricata (Apocynaceae)	Flower	Methanolic Ext.	Albino Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	77
73	Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae/ Leguminosae)	Fruit	Aqueous and Lipophilic	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory, Antipyretic and Analgesic	78
74	Tephrosia spinosa (Leguminosae)	Aerial part	Chloroform and Methanolic Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	79
75	Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae)	Leave's	Methanolic Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	80
76	Tylophora indica (Asclepiadaceae)	Leaf	Alcoholic and Aqueous Ext.	Mice	Anti-Inflammatory and Antinociceptive	81
77	Uraria lagopoides (Leguminosae)	Aerial Part	Alcohol and Aqueous Ext.	Rat	Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic	82
78	Vitex negundo (Verbenaceae)	Leaves	Ethanolic Ext.	Albino Rat	Anti-Inflammatory	83
79	Zanthoxylum alatum (Rutaceae)	Seed Bark and Fruit	Alcoholic Ext.	-	Anti-Inflammatory	84

 

 

CONCLUSION:

It is interesting to note that although a large number of plants have been studied and these investigations suggest selective anti-inflammatory activity of the said plants, at least in experimental models of inflammation, a large number of these studies have not been pursued further up to the stage of clinical trials. This may be due do the fact that most of the research work done in this field are purely academically oriented and there are no Industrial supports behind these projects. However, only in few cases, the investigations were extended further and some active principles were isolated from crude plant extracts. Another shortcoming of these investigations is that, most of the studies did not report the effect of the plant extract or the purified fractions, on the gastrointestinal. Side effects, which are common undesirable effects, associated with almost all non steroidal anti-Inflammatory drugs. There is however some drugs like Boswellia serratta, Mesua ferra, Allium sativum, etc. reports about this particular aspect of drug toxicity.

 

The above referred studies also did not report the toxic effects on liver and/or kidney and also detailed toxicity studies were not performed. Lastly most of the studies, even the recent ones did not report the effect of the test drugs (both purified and crude) on prostaglandin biosynthesis, since all the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis, which is supposed to be the principle mode of action of these drugs.

 

Much money, time and energy have been spent in this field of research. So the reviewers believe that to get fruit of this labor, it is better not to increase the list but to reevaluate and test the anti-inflammatory effect of already reported plants to overcome the shortcomings pointed out earlier by approaching towards their phytoconstituents, to get better drugs for the relief of miseries of the suffering humanity and it is believed a superior therapeutically effective anti· inflammatory drug can be obtained from this source.

 

NSAIDs have become a very important weapon in the control of inflammation and pain in joints disease and in other chronic, painful condition. Their thus have been limited by their propensity to cause gut symptoms or actually damage the gut. Research supports the use of intervention to reduce and/or avoids NSAID-associated complication, but these strategies are not always applied effectively. This reinforces the need for continued educating to improve outcomes of care.

 

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50.     Agbedahunsi JM, Fakoya FA, Adesanya SA. Studies on anti-inflammatory and toxic effect of the stem bark of Khaya ivorensis on rats. Phytomedicine, 2004, 11(6): 504-508.

51.     William M Carey, Venkat Rao N, Ravi Kumar B and Krishna Mohan G. Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Kigelia Pinnata Dc fruits. Phcog Mag., 2008, 4(15).

52.     Ghule BV, Ghante MH, Upaganlawar AB and Yeole PG. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Lagenaria siceraria stand. Fruit juice extract in rats and mice. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2006, 2(8).

53.     Badilla B, Cambronero J, Ciccio JF, Cordero T, Mora G. Determination of topical anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil and extract of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae), using the model of mouse ear edema induced by TPA and AA. Phcog Mag., 2007, 3(11).

54.     Vrushabendra Swamy BM and Jayaveera KN. Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Momordica cymbalaria Hook. F. Int. J. Pharmacol. Biol. Sci. 2008, 2(2): 47-50.

55.     Medhi B, Khanikor HN, Lahon LC, Mohan P, Barua CC. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and local anaesthetic activity of Moringa pterygosperma in laboratory animals. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2003, 41(4): 248-252.

56.     Sheeja E, Edwin E, Dhanbal SP and Suresh B. Anti-inflammatory activity of the leaves of Nothapodytes foetida, Miers, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2005, 67(2): 251-253.

57.     Deshpande AN, Alagwadi Dr. KR, Kawade RM and Sameer Shafi. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis seed oil in experimental animal’s models. Adv. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 2008, 9(1): 59-62.

58.     Amrite Omkar, Thurackal Jeeja and Gadgoli Chhaya. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and Onosma echioides. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2006, 2(8).

59.     Kou J, Sun Y, Lin Y, Cheng Z, Zheng W, Yu B, Xu Q. Anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract from Radix ophiopogon japonicus and its two consituents. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2005, 28(7): 1234-1238.

60.     Mahat MA and Patil BM. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus in experimental animal models. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2007, 69(1): 33-36.

61.     Rakes R, Chattopadhyay S, Bhattacharyya D, Bandyopadhyay SK and Chatterjee U. Exploring anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of Piper betle leaf extract in experimental animal models. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2004, 36(3): 198.

62.     Charles Dorni AI, Vidyalakshmi KS, Hannah R Vasanthi, Rajamanickam GV and Dubey GP. Anti-inflammatory activity of Plumbago capensis. Phcog Mag., 2006, 2(8): 239.

63.     Vishnukanta and Rana AC. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Plumbago zeylanica. Phcog Mag., 2008, 4(15).

64.     Vishnoi SP, Nagori BP, Gupta RN and Bhatnagar SP. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticancer activity of stem bark extract of Prosopis cineraria. Indian J. Nat. Prod., 2005, 21(4): 35-39.

65.     Perez Gutierrez Rosa Martha and Solis Rosario Vargas. Anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential of Prosthechea michuacana in rats. Phcog Mag., 2009, 4(19): 219-225.

66.     Kaur G, Hamid H, Ali A, Alam MS and Athar M. Anti-inflammatory evaluation of alcoholic extract of galls of Quercus infectoria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2004, 90(2-3): 285-292.

67.     Harwinder Singh Rao, Balwinder Singh, Narinder Singh, Ramnik Singh. Anti-inflammatory properties of Rhododendron dauricum Linn. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharides induced septic shock and vascular permeability. Phcog Mag., 2007, 3(12): 232.

68.     Rao HS and Singh R. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of RD-A and RD-B extracted from the leaves of Rhododendron dauricum Linn. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2008, 4(14): 116-125.

69.     Swain SR, Sinha BN and Murthy PN. Anti-inflammatory, diuretic and antimicrobial activities of Rungia pectinata Linn. And Rungia repens nees. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2008, 70(5): 679-683.

70.     Kim DW, Son KH, Chang HW, Bae K, Kang SS and Kim HP. Anti-inflammatory activity of Sedum kamtschaticum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2004, 90(2-3): 409-414.

71.     Dr. DA Patil. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of various extracts of Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Leaves. Indian Drugs, 2007, 44(10): 778-783.

72.     Ahmad S. Anti-inflammatory activity of leaf and leaf callus of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Indian J Pharmacol, 2006, 38(4): 301.

73.     Ch. P. Patro, PK Sahu, Panda A and Barik BB. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of aqueous extract of stem bark of Soymida febrifuga. Indian J. Nat. Prod., 2008, 24(4): 24-27.

74.     A. Chakraborty, RKB Devi, S Rita, Kh. Sharatchandra, Th. I. Singh. Preliminary studies in anti-inflammatory and analgesi activities of Spilanthes acmella in experimental animal models. Indian J Pharmacol, 2004, 36(3): 148-150.

75.     Khanavi M, Sharifzadeh M, Hadjiakhoondi A and Shafiee A. Phytochemical investigation and anti-inflammatory activity of aerial parts of Stachys byzanthina C. Koch. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2005, 97(3): 463-468.

76.     Ching FP, Omogbai EKI, Okpo SO and Ozolua RI. Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Stereospermum kunthianum stems bark in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2009, 71(1): 1-110.

77.     H. Shivakumar, Mohd. Azeemuddin Mukhram and VP Vaidya. Anti-inflammatory activity of methnolic extracts of Tabernaemontana divaricata flowers. Indian J. Nat. Prod., 2005, 21(3): 30-32.

78.     Udupa AL, Rathnakar UP and Udupa S. Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of Tamarindus indica. Indian Drugs, 2007, 44(6): 466-470.

79.     Chakradhar V, Babu Y.h, Ganapaty S, Prasad YR and Rao NK. Anti-inflammatory activity of a flavonol glycoside from Tephrosia spinosa. Natural Product Sciences, 2005, 11(2): 63-66.

80.     Owoyele VB, Wuraola CO, Soladoye AO and Ololeye SB. Studies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Tithonia diversifolia leaf extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2004, 90(2-3): 317-321.

81.     Nilesh J Patel, Vipul B Gujarati, N Venkat Rao, T Shivraj Gouda and Md. Shalam. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of leaf extracts of Tylophora indica. Phcog Mag., 2008, 4(15).

82.     Hamid H, Abdullah T, Ali A, Alam MS and Ansari SH. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Uraria lagopoides. Pharmaceutical Biology, 2004, 42(2): 114-116.

83.     Vishal R Tandon and RK Gupta. Vitex negundo Linn. Leaf extract as an adjuvant therapy to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Indian J Med Res., 2006, 124(4): 447-450.

84.     Paridhavi M and Agrawal SS. Isolation, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of compounds isolated from seed of Zanthoxylum alatum. Indian J. Nat. Prod., 2006, 23(1): 18-22.

 

 

 

 

 

Received on 03.03.2011          Modified on 23.03.2011

Accepted on 17.04.2011         © RJPT All right reserved