INTRODUCTION:
The presence of these elements in the water is a threat to aquatic life as well, as their population gets depleted because the essential growth conditions required by them are suppressed by these toxic elements which cause death in the aquatic life4. The process by which this cycle starts includes biomagnification, bioaccumulation and eutrophication. The elements cause gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhoea, stomatitis, tremor, hemoglobinuria, paralysis, vomiting, convulsion, depression pneumonia5. Moreover, the intake of these harmful elements causes mutagenic and hereditary changes which are harmful. The intake of the untreated water is the home for many cancerous agents. Toxic heavy metals and metalloids are persistently released into the natural surroundings and are being removed by cheap, feasible and ecofriendly method of phytoremediation by plants6.
The maintenance of water is the most crucial step because there are lots of toxic elements which are released in to the water every day7. Various physical, chemical and biological methods are used but they are costly and cannot be used at large scales. Different techniques have been applied for waste water treatment such as activated sludge (biological method), induced gas flotation (physical method), ultraviolet disinfection (physical method), supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), but that are too cumbersome, time consuming, expensive8. There is a need of inexpensive technique and phytoremediation fits into this category very well. It is the introduction of plants into the water for the elimination of contaminants which are toxic and are absorbed by the roots, stems and leaves has turned to be the most beneficial and ecofriendly method as the plants are easily available and low cost efficient[6]. It is also known as bioremediation in which plants are used extensively or moderately for the removal of contaminants from water which may include ground as well as surface water9. In the present time, macrophytes offer a enormous region for attachment of microbial growth and supply reduced carbon and oxygen in the area surrounding the roots10. The main aim of this technique is to discard and remove any current or potent threat to human, animal and environment. In process of phytoremediation green plants are employed in the in-situ technique for the treatment of contamination11.
Techniques used in phytoremediation:
The various processes by which phytoremediation takes place are phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization and phytovolatilization12. The expenditure of phytoextraction is moderately inexpensive and contaminants can be separated permanently13. In the process of phytovolatilization, contaminants found are reduced to simpler forms which can be easily removed[14]. Various plants or aquatic macrophytes are used for waste water treatment such as Scirpus spp. Scirpus validus, S.grossus, S.cyperinus, S.patens, Typha spp. Typha latifolia, T. orientalis, T. angustifolia, T. subulata etc., Phragmites communis, Water ferns, Hydrilla spp. (Hydrilla verticilata), Duckweeds (Lemma gibba), Salvia auriculata, Glyceria Beltman, Ulva rotundata, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Gracilaria gracillis, Dicentrachus labrox, Lemna, Spirodela, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Scirpus validus, Phalaris arundinacea, Thalia geniculata, Oenenathe javanica, Phyla lanceolata, Scirpus validus, Carex lacustris, Phalaris arundinacea, Pennisetumpurpureum, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Canna indica, Caladium, Spinacia oleracea, Zizania latifolia, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Ipomoea aquatica, Jasminum sambac, Coleus blumei, Pandanus pygmaeus, Azolla pinnata, and Hibiscus cannabinus, etc15.
Scirpus species, Vetiver zizanioides, Eleocharis ochrostachys, Typha species, Pistia stratiotes, Lemma gibba, Phragmites communis, Hydrilla verticullata, Gracillaria gracilis, Spirodela polyrhiz, Ipomoea aquatic, Azolla pinnata are more efficient in removing the heavy metals and other pollutants with high reproduction rate, efficiency and with tolerance of ecological factors16. These plants are commercial viable and carries an important role in phytoremediation17. Thus, in this paper, role of these plant species have been discussed for the expulsion of water contaminants.
Examples of plants with the capability of phytoremediation:
1. Botanical name: Scirpus grossus:
Common name: Greater club-rush, Giant bulrush
Family: Cyperaceae
Native: South East Asia
Greater club-rush is a genus of Scirpus which includes floating species, belongs to the family Cyperaceae. This plant belongs to South East Asia. It is commonly named as grassweed. They possess the leaves which are grass like and have aggregate of small spikelet, which are often brown. This genus is found in every region of the world except Africa and Antartica.
Leaves are long, acuminate with 1.5 cm wide; bracts are long and acuminate, about 6 cm long. Leaves originate from the base of the stem. The inflorescense is a terminal, compound umbel of corymbs; axils scabrid, minutely bristled. The flowers are bisexual with stamens; the style is slender, short, glabrous with three stigmas. Scirpus grossus reproduces from rhizome fragments. Cross pollination is most common technique in this plant18.
Mechanism of pollutant removal:
The mechanism of pollutant removal from water containing Scirpus grossus was carried out by an phytotoxicity experiment with aromatic carbon as a major pollutant like diesel at various concentrations (0, 8700, 17400, and 26100 mg/L). After few months there was large elimination of diesel at varied concentration of 17400mg/L at 91.5% in the exact control of the water body in presence of Scirpus species took place. But if there were no such plants there would be removal of only 54.1%19.
Furthermore, the elimination capacity of aromatic carbons from sand was fixed in the appropriate concentration of 67.2-69.9% for all molar concentration. As per the plant growth parametric quantity is concerned, S.grossus can efficiently improve degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons like diesel at different concentrations20. The group of microbial community in the water bodies can accumulate certain amount of diesel contaminated water, but if there is an excess concentration that would result in the death of the species21. The presence of Scirpus species enhances the rhizobacteria to degrade the hydrocarbons and as such degredation efficiency of hydrocarbons has reached to a maximum percent. The growth of microorganisms in Scirpus species rhizosphere was increased with hydrocarbon and it was found to be in the range of 8700 and 17400 mg/L22.
2. Botanical name: Vetiveria Zizanioides:
Common name: Vetiver Grass
Family: Poaceae
Native: India and South East Asias
Vetiver grass has a place with the family Poaceae and its local to India and South East Asia. This vetiver grass is one of a kind tropical plant that has been ended up being utilized as a part of more than 100 nations around the globe for soil and water protection23. It is tall, erect and is found all through the fields and the riverbanks, and is generally utilized as a part of boggy soils24. It is an herbaceous lasting plant. The plant stems are erect and hardened. Under clean water plants can get by for two months. The leaves can progress toward becoming up to 150 cm long (5 ft) and 8 millimeters in width. It has a profound and safe root framework with quick development. It has fine purple blossoms and very much fused in scene designs. The root arrangement of Vetiver grass is finely organized and grows 3 meters where it counts the dirt[11].
Mechanism of pollutant removal:
Vetiver develops quickly and has a gigantic biomass. It can cleanse eutrophic water and the polluted water from any water body. This specie has a significant mechanism for the expulsion of tainting of the dirt and restoring landfills. Vetiver has abnormal state of resilience for polluted water and is exceptionally compelling in expelling lethal chemicals from water. It is more compelling in retention of nitrogen and phosphorus in light of the fact that the underlying foundations of the plant are straightforwardly presented to fluid waste or sewage stored unto the waterway. It can endure extensive variety of pH, saltiness, causticity and overwhelming metals, for example, As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn25.
Scientists have utilized this plant for the coverage of material water and it diminished the pH from 8.6 to 7.8. Moreover it has shown resistance towards salt. Vetiver can be utilized for phytoremediation of waste water in view of its capacity to assimilate heavy metals. In any case, the nearness of overwhelming metals in squander water helps in the development of Vetiver plant[11]. The Vetiver plant has such a root framework which can assimilate the concentrated metals from the water. It was effectively observed in numerous nations like Australia, China, Thailand26.
3. Botanical name: Eleocharis ochrostachys:
Common name: Spikerush or Kerdikes
Family: Cyperaceae
Native: Australia
Eleocharis orchrostachys belongs to family Cyperaceae and native to Australia and some parts of Asia. It is a perennial plant found in shallow waters and marshes in association with Eriocaulon species. Culms are tufted, erect, weakly angular, rigid and smooth.
Mechanism of pollutant removal:
Eleocharis ochrostachys grows in aquatic and mesic habitats and helps to remove contamination from underground water and soil. These plants can survive in a water body containing diesel oil and it has the ability to degrade the hydrocarbons. These petroleum hydrocarbons are the most widespread organic contaminants and some of its compounds are toxic due to mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Diesel oil is one the major contaminants in soil and ground water. It contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which poses a maximum danger to the surroundings and biological species27.
The plant Eleocharis ochrostachys has the aptitude to deliberate elements as well as toxic compounds present in the surroundings, to accumulate and break down these various toxic molecules in the specialized cells of the plant. Some microorganisms can degrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to carbon dioxide and water or it can transform to the non toxic substances to gain energy. These plants are used for the degradation of hydrocarbons that becomes widely applied for the waste waster. They are used to treat different pollutants like agricultural, petroleum and petrochemical wastes.
The species belonging to Eleocharis can effectively remove the organic matter, suspended solids, metals and other pollutants from soil and water by accumulating this toxic compound in their tissues[27]
4. Botanical name – Typha sp:
Common name- Bullrush
Family- Typhaceae
Native- Florida
Typha are sea-going or semi-amphibian, rhizomatous, herbaceous enduring plants. The leaves are glabrous (smooth), straight, stem bears the blossoming spikes. The plants are monoecious, with unisexual blossoms that create in thick racemes. The seeds are minute upto 0.2 mm long and joined to fine hairs.
Mechanism of pollutant removal:
There are various varities of Typha species which have been used for remediation like Typha orientalis, Typha domingensis. A contextual investigation was led in which Typha domingensis was gathered from mechanical wastewater lakes in Egypt. This examination particularly centered on the capability of Typha domingensis to assimilate and aggregate aluminum, iron, zinc and lead. Research demonstrated that typha was fit for collecting the substantial metal particles especially from contaminated water than from residue. Rhizofiltration has turned to be the best system having phtyoremediation ability in Typha domingensis28.
5. Botanical name – Pistia stratiotes:
Common name – Water cabbage
Family- Araceae
Native – Africa
Pistia stratiotes is a free floating aquatic monocotyledon that has feathery roots and can grow upto 50 cm in length. The fleshy leaves are coordinated in a rosette manner and are 2cm to 15cm in length. It floats on the surface of the water and has roots that are hanging submersed beneath the floating leaves. Flowers of Pistia stratiotes are dioecious29.
Mechanism of pollution control:
The phytoremediation capability of Pistia stratiotes was associated with silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Scientists have concluded that Pistia stratiotes plants were grown-up in media through different concentrations of silver nanoparticles and silver ions (0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg L −1). Control experiments were taken into account for comparison and changes in the plants were confirmed periodically during the experiment. The effect of total silver was studied in plant root and leaf samples after termination to find out the outcomes of the different media concentrations. The outcomes demonstrated that P. stratiotes can survive in AgNP and ions under 0.02 mg L −1 and contaminants were taken within the plant. This shows that the usage of P. stratiotes role in removing heavy metal nanoparticles[29].
6. Botanical name- Lemna gibba:
Common name-Duckweed
Family-Lemnaceae
Native-Albania
Lemna gibba is a perennial developing to 0.2 m at a quick rate. Lemna species develop as straight forward free-swimming thalli on or just underneath the water surface. Lemna thalli have a solitary root, which recognizes this sort from the related genera Spirodela and Landoltia. The plants develop basically by vegetative multiplication: two new individual plants bud off from the grown-up plant. This type of development permits extremely fast colonization of new water. Certain duckweeds, (for example, L. gibba) are long time day loving plants, while others, (for example, L. minor) are short time day loving plants.
Mechanism of pollutant control:
It is utilized in a roundabout way in treatment of waste water and also used in formation of bio ethanol. It can contain sugars, cellulose and hemicelluloses in large amount contrasted with other macrophytes. The capability of water plant or macrophytes that is Lemna sp. to expel lethal toxic compounds from water are very much archived and play a major1role in origin and aggregation of1heavy metals from polluted water. 90% of the mixed Pb can be removed by Lemna minor. It can develop well1in pH from26 to19 while6the most reduced estimation of0pH4it can endure in1between0pH 5-6.1The rate0of development of L.minor1was repressed step by step with7increasing the concentration1of ammonia or smelling salts. However, nitrate had0inhibitory on the development. Scientists inspected the capacity of the1L. minor1to evacuate dissolvable lead under various pH esteems (4.5-8.0)1and temperature (15-35°C)7in presence1of various Pb concentration focuses00.1-10.01mg/L for 71days. Their outcomes demonstrate Pb collection was most astounding at pH 4.5 and after that it diminished to pH 6, however it didn't change at pH 6-8 range. The greatest lead collection was acquired at 30°C. Expulsion potential is great at pH 5 (91%) when contrasted with pH 8 (87%) for 1 mg/L Pb focus whilst at advanced concentration of Pb (20 mg/L) expulsion potential in acidic medium is great when contrasted with basic pH medium.
7. Botanical name-Phragmites communis:
Common name-Common reed
Family- Grass Family
Native- New England
Phragmites communis (P. australis)1is a hefty grass that0measures12-4 m0(6.5-13 ft.)7in stature. It1is frequently found in vast states. The leaves and stem are glabrous and smooth. The blossoms are encompassed by velvety white hairs. The main glume is barely elliptic and limit, while the second is straight and about twice the length of the first. The rachilla hairs are white and as long as the lemmas. Nonetheless, they are not obvious until after the blossoms sprout. The1seeds are dark colored, light7weight, and around 8 mm1long. Phragmites communis is reproduces by wind dispersed seeds and by long rhizome. It is a native of some regions of the United States and mostly present in England for at least 4000 years. It can grow in different habitats. Mostly present in marshy and wet areas and also found in alkaline or acid or brackish wetlands30.
Mechanism of pollutant removal:
It is conceived that P. australis may take up to 3 years prior achieving development so that utilizing a younger plant cover may disparage the genuine proficiency of this species in a developed wetland intended to most recent quite a few years31.
The zone of Pilot-scale riparian (no amphibian plant zone, Zizania latifolia, Phragmites communis and Typha angustifolia L. zone) were used to clean polluted water. Then the effects of pollution were compared. It is demonstrated that the vegetation zones can upgrade expulsion of toxins. The normal remediation of the Phragmites communis zone is 79.5% salts and 75.2% for add up to phosphorus, 43.7% for COD respectively32.
8. Botanical name – Hydrilla verticillata:
Common name- Water thyme
Family-Hydrocharitiaceae
Native- Asia, Europe, Australia
Hydrilla verticillata is a submerged, aquatic perennial herb that grows from depths of 6 m. The plants are monoecious as well as dioecious. The leaves are 2mm to 4mm wide and are 0.6cm to 2cm long33.
Mechanism of pollutant removal:
Hydrilla verticillata largely grows in polluted as well as natural water bodies. It has the capability to remove both Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) from contaminated water bodies34. It is an economically low cost efficient technology which is utilized for the elimination of chromium and cadmium from waste and contaminated water. The mechanism of phytoremediation in this plant takes place by metal accumulation in leaves and roots. Take-up of metal relies upon variables, for example, level of destruction, plants capacity to block, metal accessibility and association between plant natural surroundings and climatic condition35.
9. Botanical name- Gracillaria gracilis:
Common name- Stackhouse
Family- Rhodophyta
Native-England and France
Gracillaria gracilis is a cartilaginous, round and hollow, dull purple-red fronds, to 500 mm long, one or a few emerging from little, perennial discoid holdfast. It shows irregular branching i.e. profuse or sparse, branches to 2mm diameter. The inside tissue of vast thin-walled cells are colorless with limit external cortical zone of minor colored cell36.
Mechanism of pollutant removal:
From the industries and from various other manufacturing companies, there are various toxic heavy metals are released into the environment. Recently, macroalgae have5been progressively utilized as an instrument for observing marine situations polluted by substantial metals37. Numerous macroalgae5can able to elevated high amounts6of toxic heavy metals, which are once in a while bigger than those found in water tests from a similar site. Red seaweeds such as Neoagardhiella baileyi, Gracilaria foliifera and Chondrus crispus were utilized to remove the pollutants38. The presence of insoluble7polysaccharides can be a relevant factor mediating5metal accumulation in red algae cell6walls39. Demonstrated differences5in metal exclusion in the species Gracilaria lichenoides4and Gracilaria lemaneiformis exposed1up to 8 M of copper for 6 days40. Interestingly, both6Gracilaria species had higher extracellular copper5accumulation6than intracellular copper accumulation, showing efficient exclusion mechanism.5Between the two Gracilaria species, 5G. lichenoides had even more efficient exclusion mechanism5than G. lemaneiformis, as5evidenced by greater ratio4of extracellular to5intracellular copper41.
10. Botanical name- Spirodela polyrhiza:
Common name- Great Duckweed
Family- Areceae
Native- Australia
S.polyrhiza is mostly present in lakes, large4dams, among reeds, often5together with Lemna and6Wolffia. The species occurs generally in mesotrophic to eutrophic lake and river2waters. This aquatic plant is5widespread throughout the world and5faces no major threats This6floating aquatic plant consists of a single7thallus (a body that combines the functions of leaf and stem)42.
Mechanism for pollutant removal:
Industrial wastewater treatment can be done by using Spirodela polyrhiza in different retention time. Yadav and his group investigated the use of Spirodela polyrhiza improves the quality of industrial wastewater parameters like negative log of hydrogen ion concentration, Electrical Conductivity8(EC), Chemical6oxygen demand (COD), Total hardness, sulphates, Total dissolve6solids (.T.D.S.). The reduced concentration of Chromium (VI) after introducing macrophyte was 0.0233mg/l) signifies that Spirodela polyrhiza can used for accumulation of toxic metal. In industrial wastewater sample the content of calcium and magnesium salts was found be high which can govern the total hardness. Decline in COD was due to the consumption of organic substances by the plant which have capability to purify the sample, thus reducing its COD.8The cause of reduction may6be due to plant ability5to absorb different types5of pollutants and accumulated2in their tissues.5The presence of carboxyl5groups at the roots4system induces6asignificant cation exchange through5cell membrane and this might9be the mechanism of moving7heavy metal in the roots system6where active absorption4takes place. The metal ions removal rates from aqueous solution by biosorption are generally faster. Concentration of copper present in sample decreased in different retention due to absorption of heavy metal Cu (II) by S.polyrhiza, because the7roots absorb6water together with8the contaminants in water[42].
11. Botanical name- Ipomoea aquatic:
Family- Convolvulaceae
Common name – Water spinach
Native- Southeast Asia
This plant is a tropical plant which is cultivated as a vegetable. It grows well in water and on moist soil. Stems are 2 to 3 metres in length. The leaves are typically sagittate to lanceolate which are 5cm to 15cm long and 2cm to 8cm broad. The flowers are trumpet- shaped and 3cm to 5cm in diameter and are white in colour having mauve centre43.
Mechanism of pollutant removal:
Chromium is a need toxin that exists under two principle oxidation states, Cr(VI) and Cr(III). The versatile Cr (VI) species are cancer-causing and mutagenic to living beings44. The utilization of this may prompt liver harm, pneumonic clog, and causes skin disturbance bringing about ulcer arrangement. Ipomoea has the potential and goes about as a phyto-remediant for the expulsion of Cr(VI) from engineered wastewaters. This plant is chosen because of following reasons: (a) it is a submerged oceanic plant, developed in seepage channels, bogs, fields (b) it is developed during the time independent of regular changes (c) it is widely sperad (d) it is broadly utilized as a part of a few sections of the world as a verdant vegetable for human utilization. Around 90% Cr(VI) is collected in stems and leaves, i.e. flying districts and the unsafe metals can be expelled from the waste water. Ipomoea aquatica is a chromium hyper-aggregator that demonstrates no danger side effects at extreme Cr(VI) stacking. It can viably be utilized as a part of developed wetlands to moderate metal particle contamination[43].
12. Botanical name- Azolla pinnata:
Family- Salviniales
Common name- Mosquito fern
Native- Africa, Asia
It is a free floating annual water fern and is 0.8-2.5cm long and has tiny scale like 2- lobed leaves. Leaves are green or green often giving water surface a reddish appearance. The stem has pinnate branches, roots appears feathery and produces both male and female spores)45.
Mechanism of the pollutant removal:
Phytoremediation is one of the most effortless solution for tackling the issue of substantial metal contamination in water by utilizing plants. High metals content in the biomass proposes the enormous capability of Azolla pinnata to take up substantial metals, i.e., Hg and Cd (70– 94%). It can be utilized as a bioaccumulator to clean overwhelming metals in fiery remains slurry and chlor-antacid profluent. In India, Azolla pinnata is generally utilized as fertilizer. Azolla pinnata can cleanse waters contaminated by absorbing metals, for example, Hg(II) and Cd(II)46.
The above mentioned content summarized in tabular form is as follows-
|
Name of species |
Mechanism for the removal of pollutant |
|
Scirpus grossus |
Absorbs aromatic carbons[18] |
|
Vetiveria Zizanioides |
Utilized for phytoremediation of wastewater due to ability of absorption of heavy metals[11] |
|
Eleocharis ochrostachys |
Has the capability to deliberate elements as well as toxic compounds from the water [14]. |
|
Typha sp |
Has the capability of assimilating Al, Pb, Zn and Fe in their roots, rhizomes and old remains[28]. |
|
Pistia stratiotes |
Roots and leaves have the potential of removing heavy metal nanoparticles like silver nanoparticles[29] |
|
Lemna gibba |
0.3% and 0.5% mg/L amount of Cu and Ni were tolerated by this plant. The pH up to 5 to 7 of wastewater is useful for the elimination of Lead. |
|
Phragmites communis |
Have wide tolerance against Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb The roots has high accumulating capacity for Zn and M and Cu47. |
|
Hydrilla verticilata |
Root and leaves accumulates Chromium and Cadmium[35]. |
|
Gracillaria gracilis |
Had higher extracellular copper accumulation than intracellular copper accumulation[36]. |
|
Spirodela polyrhiza |
Helps in removal of contaminants and also improve the chemical oxygen demand due to presence of carboxyl groups at the roots system that induces a significant cation exchange through cell membrane[42]. |
|
Ipomoea aqatica |
This plant is best known for chromium hyper accumulation in its stem and leaves[43]. |
|
Azolla pinnata |
The leaf surfaces, stem and areal parts have the potential for accumulation of Hg and Cd[46]. |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
This mini review is based on the treatment of waste water with the use of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation near pharmaceutical industries is a neglected area. Pharmaceutical industries produce lots of waste products which are released into the water bodies48. The main advantages of this wonderful technique include low cost of establishment and its useful technology. Phytoremediation has been successfully implemented in USA on polluted soils and on the waste from the industries. From the last ten years, the usage of growing trees in the heavy metal contaminated land is gaining interest49-50.
Certain plants participate in phytoremediation found to have the specific property of acting as metal indicators as they can collect heavy metals in their aerial parts51. It was a clear and observed difference seen in the water body containing the plants which are being used for phytoremediation, acting as a hyperaccumlators[27]. The toxic metal ions present where found to be accumulated in their roots or other parts of the plant. Certain scientists even observed that metal concentrations and metal uptake capacity of different plants. The differential behaviour of metals in influencing the root and shoot absorption was clearly observed in case of certain metals like Cu, Pb, Mn and Zn. In case of copper, oxide and organic copper contributes to plant absorption52-53. Growing these plants in water bodies containing toxic metal ions which are fatal to biological life and as such these phytoaccumlators helps to reduce the toxic metal ion concentration by converting them into non toxic substances. Thus phytoremediation has been proved as an efficient technology in reducing the concentration of toxic substances present in the water[36].
The area of phytoremediation is new when compared with other areas of research and application. Currently, most of the researches are limited to the laboratories, but this research or method of phytoremediation of water is being carried out in the open field where in the plants act as important tool to remove contaminants from the water. Results obtained in the open field are different from the laboratories because of the varying environmental conditions and various ecological factors. Factors that may effect phytoremediation in the water includes temperature, nutrients, precipitation, moisture, soil pH, soil structure and distribution of various contaminants. It has been observed that they have tendency to accumulate different toxic metals or compounds through the roots in their tissues. There are certain plants which act as hyperaccumlators of toxic metal ions and they can concentrate these metals in their above ground tissue[46].
CONCLUSION:
Phytoremediation is promoted all over the globe and this has been considered as one of the low cost and effective technology. Pollution has caused contamination in air, water and soil because of which it is causing impact on animals and human health. There is a strong need of useful, cheaper and efficient technologies to protect the natural resources and biological species living in it. Continuous efforts have been made out to specify those plants which act as phytoaccumulators. The method of metal uptake, accumulation, exclusion, translocation and osmoregulation vary in different plants species which are used for phytoremediation.
There are definite genetic variations amongst the plant species and these variations exist for the hyperaccumulation of different metals among various plant species. These variations are not related with the metal concentration in the water or the degree of tolerance in the plant. The development of the plant species by different scientist with the help of traditional breeding, hybridization, production of mutagens through radiations and chemicals are all in progress. With the help of advancement in Science and technology (biotechnology), there occurs more capability in plants to hyperaccumlate these toxic metals into their body tissues. This can play an effective role in accumulation of toxic metals from polluted water. The use of cleaning technologies is site specific and is not economically feasible everywhere. Therefore, cheaper technologies are brought into practical use i.e ; phytoremediation. Recent advancement in plant biotechnology has created a new hope for the production of certain plants which can hyperaccumlate the toxic metals. Rhizosphere studies under the control and field conditions are also used to determine the effect the different metal ions in the soil solution and polluted water. Heavy metals take-up, by plants utilizing phytoremediation innovation, is by all accounts a prosperous approach to remediate heavy metals - debased condition. Therefore, it can be concluded that these plants can be effective in wastewater treatment especially near pharmaceutical industries.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors express deep sense of gratitude to the management of Lovely Professional University for all the support, assistance and constant encouragement to carry out this work.
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Received on 17.10.2018 Modified on 20.11.2018
Accepted on 21.12.2018 © RJPT All right reserved
Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2019; 12(4):2009-2016.
DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00341.X